IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The 
to  tl 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


0 
0 

D 

n 
n 

D 
D 
D 
D 


D 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couieur 


Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagee 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relii  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  interieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissant  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  m  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplementaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilme  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  ete  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-^tre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite.  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


r~7|    Coloured  pages/ 


D 


n 


Pages  de  couleur 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagees 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurees  et/ou  pelliculees 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe( 
Pages  ddcolordes,  tachet^es  ou  piquees 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  detachees 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualite  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


The 

pOM 

of  tl 
film 


Orig 

beg! 

the 

sion 

oth€ 

first 

sion 

oril 


~^  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

r~7|  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

nn  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I      I  Only  edition  available/ 


The 
shal 
TINl 
whi( 

Map 
diffa 
entir 
begii 
right 
requ 
mett 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc..  cnt  6td  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  facon  a 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  Is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

7 

1 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


I 

tails 
I  du 
odifier 
une 
mage 


The  copy  filmed  here  he*  been  reproduced  thenks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

University  of  British  Columbia  Library 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — »-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  T'le  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  filmA  fut  reproduit  grice  A  la 
ginArositi  de: 

University  of  British  Columbia  Library 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  M  reproduites  avec  Is 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet*  de  l'exemplaire  f  ilm6.  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  filmts  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  ton  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaTtra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE' ,  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  it  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  filmd  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


rata 
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J 


2X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

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^^^ 


*'* 


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AN  ADDRESS 


DBr.IVRBKO  HEPQIIR 


THE  ST.  LOUIS  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY,  DKCE^BEB  10,  18«8,]aND 
I^EPEATBD  BY  REQUEST  BEFO»fS  THE  MERCANTILE 
i  ,  ^*       LTRRARY  ASSOCIATION,  JANUARY  21,  1801^3 


fe  -<» . 


■:.r*; 


UPON  TMli 


letmcmetik  €«tewai$  to  tk  ifflte 


SURFACE  CURRENTS  OF  ',  HE  OCEAN,  [AND  THE  INFLUENCE 
OF  THE  LATTER  UPON  THE  CLIMATES 
OF  THE   WORLD,  j  /^<j 


J3y    SILAS    BKI>^T. 


SAINT   LOUIS: 

R.   P.    .STI,'I>LKV  *  CO.,    rni>fTKR3,    I.ITIIOflRAPUKnS  AND  BlNDBRit. 

mvx 


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AN    ADDUKSS 


hi;i,i\  i;i;i;i>  r.i:i niii: 


riiK  SI'.  i,()i  IS  iiisroiMCAi,  s(»(ll•:'i'^.  i»i;(  kmuki;  ki.  l-^(^.  and 
K'Ki'KA  TKi)  r.v  i,'i:(,iri:sr  r.Kioi.'K  iiii;  mkim  an  tii.k 

I.IIJI.'AI.'N   ASS<t(  lA  ri<>\.  .lAM    \i;\    -21.  ni.:i. 


ri'(i\    riii: 


(^Iiin'iH0mctiric  ClutmriiDS  totlic  ^i^ol 


c 


sriJFAcK  (  riJiJKX'i's  OF  'I'liK  ocKw.  A\i>  1111:  iMi.ii;\(  i; 

OF    I'lIF   I.  A  irKK  ri'oN    TIIK  (  LIMA  TF, 
ol     rilF  \Vo|;i.i». 


liv  SI  I. AS   iu:n  !\ 


SAINT  l.oi  IS: 
I;.   I'    '^l^l>l.l;^    .v  lo,.   nMMr.i,"^    wd  i  i  i  iiiii.i;  \nir,i; 

lSli!l. 


A 


,v/- 


TO 


WII.I.IAM     TOD    IIKF.Ml Til.    M.  l>. 


^Ittuiununts  :is  :i  .Scholar  anb  his   JOlorth  as  a  dpciitlcman, 


rill>  ADDUKS^  I-  INX  IMIil'  11. 


in     II I-^    II!  I  KM' 


SIl_.A.a     WKN'r 


I.n. 


^ 


j 
■ 


VDDIIESS. 


Tlic  <iil>jcct  wliicli  it  is  my  iiilcMliini  to  iiiliodiici'  loi'  voui- (•(ni^idri.ition  i> 
not  new.  It  liiifi  iiitiTcsti'il  llic  iiiiiMl>  ol'i;i'cat  iiifu  in  ill!  iiiitioii-.  It  cmlini- 
<•(■>  niiicli  scicutilic  rcsciircli.  aiid  involve-  circiMnstiinci's  of  interest  to  tlie 
world.  It  t:d<es  iis  tVoni  the  e(|niitor  to  the  pole.  It  includes  nintheMiati- 
(■;d  and  nantifal  ealeiilations— while  the  winds  that  blow  ovef  the  surtaee  ol' 
III,,  „lnlu — the  euri-ents  that,  with  iieviT  ceasinji-  tlow  traverse  the  mijrhty 
oceans— the  climates  of  various  i-ei;ions  of  the  earth,  and  the  varied  tempera- 
tin-es  of  the  waters,  are  hrouuht  Ix'tore  us  in  oin-  inve»ti,ii'ations. 

Fully  iinpres-ed  with  a  knowlcd^ic  of  the-e  facts,  and  esiiecially  hearing' 
in  mind  the  comprehensive  nature  ot' the  suhjecl.  it  i-  with  many  misj^iviniis 
that  I  ai)pear  hefore  you  to  discus>  this  (|uestion  of  ••Tiie  Tlirnmniirtr'ni 
(liifiirinis  f,,  thr  p,,h\"  \\\n\  wwv  it  not  that  circum-taiices  appear  to  have 
eonsiiircd  for  the  pa-t  thirty  years  to  hriun-the  consideration  of  >uch  topics 
in  their  varied  hearin<i's  fully  hefore  m\  mind,  and  to  have  i)laced  me  in  a  po- 
sition for  i)roper  uiiderstandiuii'.  thouiilit.  >tndy  and  experience  in  those  mat- 
ters which  e-sentially  l)elon.i;-  to  a  Ju-t  comprelieii-ion  of  the  sulijeet.  it  would 
not  now  he  introduced  for  your  "ousideratioii. 

Hut  other  and  higher  olijccts  than  the  mere  acciu'acy  ot'  my  lheor\' — soine- 
tliinix  more  eh'vated  liian  tlie  Just  and  honorahle  feelin.ii'  of  >alist'aelion  thai 
would,  were  it  to  jirove  correct,  eertaiidy  helons;-  to  him  who  could  claim 
priority  in  -uch  an  important  discovery — has  acluateil  me  at  the  itreseiit  time, 
when  from  various  sources  I  liiid  that  (iermnuy.  Sweden.  France.  Knj;'land 
and  I'ussia  liaxc  in  <-onlemi)lation  expeditious  to  tlielole.  It  i>  the  actual 
savinu' of  human  life — tlic  hcuetits  that  will  accrue  to  uiany  departments  of 
science,  anil  the  soh  inii' of  a  j;vo;ii'aiihical  prohlem  w  liich  is  now  forthemo<t 
part,  conjecturai. 

''weiily-tlve  year-  upon  the  ocean,  in  constant  inter<'ourse  with  seamen  of 
.all  nations,  a  position  as  an  ollicer  of  the  Unitetl  States  \a\y.  a  part  of  whose 
duty  it  wa- to  record  and  compare"metcorolo^ical  ohserxations.  an  honor;i- 
hle  ac(iuaiutauce  with -cientitic  navijiators  ami  explorers,  are.  I  trust.  siiMi- 
(■ieiit  <;iiaraut<'i'  for  tlie  earnestness  of  my  belief  in  that  which  I  -hall  endeaxor 
to  demon-Irate.  ;md  which  I  lirmlv  belie\i'  to  lie  true. 


ruK  iiDcriiiM;  oi-  (  iitiiKx  rs. 

W  ilh  *he-e  li'W  remarks.  I  -hall  proceed  dii-cctly  to  the  con-ideraiion  otiuy 
siibiect.  There  is  a  circulation  in  the  air  :  there  is  a  circulation  in  the  bodies 
of  all  animals  ;  there  is  a  circulation  in  the  ocean — all  of  which  are  ii'o\crned 
by  laws.  in\mutahly  lixcd.  and  which,  in  all  their  moiliticatlons  and  condi- 
rions.  thev  riii'idly  ob-erve  and  obey. 


H 


I'liiif  iiiidcr  llic  inii|n-ri(|pc  the  will  nl  ;i  liit;;"^  lotil.  :iiii|  liitliiT  iiinl  tliitliiM' 
wf  «li,ill  >(•«'  Niii'it'd  riiirriii>  <(|  I)|immI  rr(»s«iii;j  iinil  r<'(r<»>siii;r  fncli  ntlur.  ;i|>- 
|iiiniiily  wiilMHit  nnlcr  iiml  williiiiii  law. 

Kxainiiir  till' <';i|)il|;in  vessels  iil'tlic  liiiiiiiiii  liiiilv.  iiinl  iIkti'.  in  the  iiiii>l 
iiHliKHi-.  riiinilii'.'ilioii.  ii;i»«t'»  aiiil  repasses  tin-  lile-^riviii;;'  Miiiil  fniiii  (iiie  set  of 
V(-«eU  h>  the  oilier.  Id  all  apiieaiaiice  witlidiit  aiiv  ;i(iveniiii;r  cause.  Look 
into  llie  liii»i>iii  nl'llie  ini;;lily  (leep.  either  wlieii  the  ■.toriiis  (if  iieaveii  are 
la>liiii;^'  the  while  toiipeil  \\a\e<.  ni-  when  the  serene  sKv  is  hreathiiiy  a  heaii- 
tiliil  ealin  uver  the  water — ami  lieie  seeiniii;«!y  with  llie  iitinosi  iiiedii^iruity. 
aiv  enrreiit^  and  eonnler  enrreiit«.  meet  in;;' eai-h  other  .at  all  variety  ol"aii;^les. 
aliove.  Iieiou  .  near  and  Car.  o\ci-  the  whole  -nrliiee  and  depths  of  I  he  waters. 

l*'nrlliei-  -cieiitilic  inves|io;ilion.  however,  teaelio  ii«  that,  as  in  the  hinnaii 
».\  «teiii  one  variety  ot've>-eN  pa>«  iVom  one  side  ot  the  heart  earryin;;^  the  pure 
lilooil  to  every  poi'tioii  oltlie  lioily.— that  another  -el  ot  Inhes  ofwoinlerfiil  eon- 

I'oi'ination  i  arry  liai-U  the  impure  lil I  tot  he  heart .  vv  here  in  obedience  to  the 

inex  plica)  lie  laws  of  nature,  it  i«  -ent  into  the  lnn;j:-.  there  to  lie  piiritied  and 
a;iJiiirio  u'o  thi'on^h  the  lto<ly  witliit-  lile-^ivin<r  ami  healtlil'iil  inlliieiicc. — 
and.  moreovei-.  a<  this  purifyin;;-  process  i-  liein.<;'  ace(inipli«^hed.  animal 
heat  is  ;i-ener;ited:  >o  it  i- with  the  cm'rent>  of  the  oecan.  vviiieh  it  will  he 
my  endeavoi-a-  lirielly  a-  po-- ilile  lo  expljiin. 


ot   n(  I 

rail  - 
astiK 

three 

liM-in 

No' 

rr-|ol 
llie  o 

-and 
(  rrt; 
-liai 

at  on 

III'Ml  ■ 

iiuil' 
d  i  \  i  d 

Wllil' 

Ailai 


.i>ii!,iin;ii  vi    or  naiiiji: 


Tlierc  i- an  <.|nilihriuin  in  ali  nature.  There  is  an  unseen  power  that,  while 
it  ulterlv  t'orhid-  annihilation  of  niattci-.  constantly  so  alter>  the  forms,  ap- 
pearaiiecs  and  u<e<  of  the  molcrules.  that  lii-<  in  oiu'  pdrtion  of  the  imiverse 
i-  (Mnntcrlialamcd  liy  a  ;:ain  in  another :  and  thus.  Iiy  that  iiiscriitahle  power 
of  ad.iiitalion.  t  lie  earth  I'evdhi-  w  ilhin  il>  orbit  and  the  stars  sin^jf  tojji'ther 
ill  harmony,  while  the  dew  upon  the  blo<soni.  the  rain,  the  ice,  the  snow,  the 
heat  and  cold,  all  coii>pire  to  perfeet  those  laws  of  eompensatioii  and  adapta- 
lion.  thii<  indicating,'  to  the  stmlcnt  of  physical  science  flmt  [lerfect  harmony. 
law  and  order  in  iialurc.  V.  liicli.  lo  the  imiti;itcd.  are  oli-ciire,  incoii;inioiis. 
and  undetincd. 

The  -ea.  the  at ino-phei'c.  and  I  he  -nn.  are  to  the  earth  what  the  blood,  the 
lnii;>'s  and  the  heart  .ire  to  tlic  animal  economy. 

The  pi'oce— ;  of  e\  aporat  ion  i-  prov  idcd  by  an  all-w  ise  I'rovideiice  to  purify, 
renovate,  and  v  ivity  the  -iirtaceof  tlie;:lobe:  and  in  this  ^^-reat  amicontiniiiilly 
recurri Hi;' action  may  be  >een  one  ot' the  causes  of  those  currents  which  are 
found  in  llie  ocean.  Let  me  here  (piotc  to  you  a  sin;^],.  jiassa^rc.  from  one  of 
tbcmo~i  -cieiililic  and  at  the -ame  time  beautifully  wi'itteii  works  upon  the 
-iilijcci-  of  w  iiicb  wc  ar<' now  ticatin;!'.  I  allude  to  that  on  • 'The  JMiV'sical 
( ;eoi;raiihy  of  the  Se.i."  by  my  friend  Admiral  M.  F.  "M.-iiiry.  llesays:  ■•'I'lie 
mean  annual  la|l  of  rain  on  the  entire  surface  of  the  eai'th  is  estimated  at  about 
lixefeet.  To  ev  ajioi-al  e  w  at  if  enouiili  aiiiinally  iVom  the  ocean  to  cover  the 
earth  oil  the  average  live  feet  deep  with  rain  :  to  transport  it  from  one  zone 
to  another,  and  to  precipilatc  ii  in  the  lijilit  place*,  at  suitable  times  and  In 
llie  proportion-  due.  i-  one  ofllie  ollice-  of  the  ^irand  atmospherical  machine. 
Tlii-  water  (bear  in  mindi  i-  evaporated  principally  from  the  torrid  zone. 

••^apii  i-iir:  il  all  !'•  eonie  I  heme,  we  -hall  have   eneirclin;;'  the  eartli  a  beU 


<il  I II I  Ml  I  I  III  IT  I  liiiii^.'iinl  iiiilt'>  III  liir;iillli.  Iri>iii  w  liii  li  I  hi-  ;iliiiii.|i|ii'H'  >  \;i|>ii 

l;ilr-  II  lil\  II'  ul'  \\;ll<  r  ;illllll;ill.\  »i\lrfll  lirl  ill  i|r|p|||.  Ami  Ik  I  mi -I  lip  II-  liiuli 
ll<  llic  rlullij-.  anil  liiWi'T  t|ii\\  II  II U  ail  I  nil  llic  VMltrr  in    n   lllKr  -i\trcn  led    i|cr|i. 

llircr  1 1 II  III -a  I II I  mill-  liinaii.  iiiiil  i\M'nly-l'niiilliuii«aiiil  iiiijr-  limi:.  i-  llii' yi'iiilv 
liii-iiii-.-  iifihi-  in\i-ilili'  iiiiirliiiH  ry." 

Now  la-l\\ipii.  iiiiili'i'-liimliiii;'  ii«  sm'  (Ii>  IIh-  run-iani  cirnri  i>l' mil  iirc  lu 
I'l-iiirr  <'i|iiililiriiiiii.  ami  lln'  Inw  ■-  nl'  m  la  |  it  a  I  ion.  w  liiit  iiiii-t  lir  t  lie  clli'it  ii|iiin 

I  llr  nrrail  i  (It  lie  I'i'IIIkViiI  i>I'  llli»  illlimll-i'    1 1  III--  <i|'  wati'l'  1)1    IWi'llty-fulir  t  linll- 

«iiml  niilc-  in  Iriiii'tli.  tlirrr  tliun-iiml  mill-  wide,  ami  -ixti'i'ii  li'i'l  in  i!i'|illr.' 
' 'I'flaiiih  all  rmli'iivor  i>ii  tin-  imrt  ul'  tin-  wali'f  to  ()iTii|iy  tlii»  cminmHK 
-lull  r;  ami  tu  iId  tlii-.  all  I  lie  walrf-  mirth  ami  -miili  ul  t  hi-  -|)ii(i'  ur  /uiir  hit 
III  iiiii'i' -I't  ill  niutiuii  III  iT-iurc  ihf  ri|uilihriiiiii  :  ami  wnr  iIicit  im  luiili- 
m'iil>iiml  i-laml-.  ur  iiii'i|iialitii'-  in  lln'  ln'l  uf  ihr  uithii-.  this  iluw  wuiihl  lif 
iinil'iii'iii  I'liiiml  till'  wliuli'  rartli  :  lnit  liy  iln-r  Imal  uli-iri.riiuii-  lliry  hit 
iii\ii|i'i|  i  III  11  many  -liTani-aml  ilivi-rlt'il  inin  niiimi'uii-rhanm'l-ways,  i  liriiiiL:li 
w  liirli  they  |n>iir  tliiir  \uliiim'- lu  liinn  llir  liiTiil  ri|iiiiturial  riiriTiii-  .i|  thr 
Ailaiitif  ami  I'ln-ilii'. 

I  III;  i~<ii  iii.iiM  \i.   I  ri:i;i;\  i  -. 

r.v  I  ill'  I '11  rill'-  riiialiuii  un  ii  -  ii\i-.  uIiJitI-  un  it-  -nriarr  lut  wnsi  I  lir  iruiiir- 
arc  rariinl  fnnn  W  i-t  lu  Ivi-t  ai  the  Mill' 111  ii  I:  ai-ami  iiiiic- mi  hum-.  \\  liji-i 
a-  we  a(lvaii<-c  tuwai'il  tlic  I'nlr-.  tlii-  ratf  iIititii-i'-.  in  tlic-nim'  iii'n|i(iiiiu|i  a- 
tlic  liai'iillrl- nl'lalilmir  ili'i'i'i'ii-r  in  riniiniliri'mi-:  -u  ijiat  when  wr  iiiri\i  ai 
ilir  |iuiiit<  will 'IT  till'  lari'iiiiifiTcnri'  i-  uiiiy  i  w  i'Im'  ihuii-aml  mile-,  iii-tcail  of 
iwcnly-toiir  tliun-ami  a- it  i- at  I  hr  Miinaiur.  llii- xrlority  urruimiun  i- hiii 
l\\r   hiimliTil  inilr-  an   liiiiir~iiiiil   -u  mi  ilri-iTii-inu'.  until  iTiirhin^'  thr   |'nj|.. 

\u\\  an  uhjiTi  -it  in  niuiiun   lnwiinl  tjir   i;i|iialur  IVdiii  ihr  j'ular  iTL;iuiis 

w  liriT  the  M'lucity  i>\'  fuliiliuii  i-  -iiiall— will  iun-taiill\  he  iin-i\  ini;'  at  ituini- 
III  I  till'  I '11  nil'-  -iirtair  \\  hri'i'  I  III'  \  el  111 'it  y  i-  l;'|'<  ill  rr:  ami  imi  a!  uiut  aciiiiirin"' 

I  hi-  UlTllliT  Vrliiril\  .  il  -  liircci  iuj;   will  Inn  I  iililiiilU'ly   111  Ihr  Wr-I  Will'il.     JliaiiT 

we  liml  ilir-c  -U'cani-  >t  i  hiitiiI-  whirli  lluw  iVum  thr  I'ulr  luwani  ilir  l-".i|iiii- 
liir.  al\Mi\  -  laUiii'^'  ii  -uiiliiw  I'-l  w  iinlly  ilirniiun  w  limrNTr  ihr  i-unlinrin-  ami 
i-lanil- w  ill  iiiTinit.  'I'lii'-i' -Utiiiii  Irum  ihc  Niirlhrrn  ami  Suiitliri'n  llniii-- 
lihci-i'-.  imTliiiLial  lln'  lv|niitiii'.  lurii  iml  uisr  ilircriiuii  lu  ihi-  ii|iintii|-ial 
riiriTiil-.  iIh'  w  airr- ul"  \\  hirh  arc  lliruwn  lo  thr  wr-l  w  anl  :  Imi  .  inlrrniiiicil 
li\  the  ruiitiiicnl  -  w  h''-li  lie  ai'i'ii--  llirii'  |  nil  h-.  am  I  rlian;;Ti  I  in  their  -iiiTilii- 
uriivily  by  thr  i'\|iiin-  \r  hnil  i>{'  the  -nn.  ilicy  ilii-uw  ujl'  Imi  -iiTaiii-  tu  the 
imi'th  ami  -unlh.  likr  liluml  iVuin  thr  lirari  in  thr  animal  -v-imi.  tu  rariv 
Ihrir  lit'r-iiiviii'^-  wannlli  immI  miiiri-hniriil  iiIuiil;'  ihrir  {niih  tu  ihr  ranh'"- 
<'\irrniilir-. 

Of  llic-r -irrain-.  I  hri'r -irr  I  w  II  in    ihr    N'uiihrrn    lirini-|ih(i  c  ami   |ii-Mliali;v 

llllrr  ill   lllr  Sulltlirni.       Il    i-ulllylu    thr    ful-|||r  I'.   lluW  r\  el'.  I  hat    \\|.    h:i\r    -I  ('•- 

I'iall.v  lu  call  yuiir  alimtiun  un  llii-  urni-iun:  ami  tlir-r  arr  knuwn  a-  iIik 
( iiilf  SI  riiini  iit'llir  Atlanlir.  aii'l  Kiim-Siwu  uf  ihr  I'aciii,-.  Thrii' -i  i  ilviii<>- 
I'r-rnililanrr.  a-  trarril  ti{H>ii  Ihr  chart,  in  -i/r.  lunn  ami  ilirrriiun  i-  aiiparrni 
lu  llirrvr.  'I'hr  <  i  III  f  St  I'riilii  w  a-  i  Irlillrat  ri  |  iVuin  i  ili-rr\  111  iiiji-  lakrii  liv  I  lie 
liiilril  Siatr-  (  iiii-i  Siirvry.  11  In  Irr  l'iurr--iii'  A.  I ».  I'.arhr:  mill  thr  Kiiru-Siwo 
I'l'iiin  iili-crvatiun-  niaiic  niiun  it  hy  I  lie  .lapaii  i'lNpnliiiun.  nmln-  <  'umniril'iir 
M.  c.  I'rirv, 


s 


T'l  ilr.i-.ihr  i!ic  lii-i.  I     ii.ill  .lujiii  ijiioir  iruiii  Ailmii'iil  M;iii,y"-  •  •  l'li> -ic;il 

<  iriiL:lM|ill\    (fT  I  he  Sr.l."'   \\  llci'i'ili   ||<'  ~;|\  -  ; 

■  •'I'llil'i'  i-  ;i  ri\  IT  ill  I  III'  iirr.ili.  Ill  I  lir  -ex  ere  ^1  i  ll'nillilll  ■■  il  IICMT  liiil- '.  :iim1 
ill   I  III'  llliLlIll  ii'- I    llniiihil    lic\i'|-    n\  iTllnW  «.       1 1  -    li;illl\-    .'Mill    il-    I  ml  Injll  :|i'c  nf 

I-' ill  I  w  .'ilrr.  w  iiili'  il  -  i-'iiri'!il  i-  111'  w;  I  nil. 

■■  rilr  I -illl  I'T  .Mi'\ii'!i  i-  il~  riiliiil;iiil.  :llli|  il-  llinlllll  i-  ill  lllc  A  I'd  ic  Sea. 
l!  i-  llir  (ill!!'  Si  ii'.'llll.  'I'lliTi'  i-  ill  llir  W  mill  111!  iillirr  -IK'll  lli;ij('-lir  tliiw 
.'\'  Uilli'l-. 

•  •  II-  illl'l'i'!!!  i-  llin',1'  r,|iiii|  111, ill  llir  M  i--i--ili|  li.  :inil  il-  \n|lllllr  i-  llliirc 
I  ll.'lll    11   I  IliMl-.llliI   I  illlc-    ':l'r:i!r|'. 

••ji  -  w  .'iirr-.  a  -  far  mil  .1  -  1  iic  ( 'amliiKi  rn.-i-l-.  a  it  nl'aii  iiiijiun  IiIih'. 

•  •Tlir)  ai'r -II  ili-lii:rll\  iiiarkril.  llial  ilii'ir  liiir  nf  jiiiirlimi  willi  liic  c, nu- 
ll imi  -I 'a  'v\  air:'  may  lir  i  rai'i'il  li,\   I  ln'  ryr. 

••(  Hi  I '11.  mii'-liair  iiT  I  III'  \  i'--rl  may  lie  |ii'i'i-ri\  cil  llnal  iiii:'  in  ( i  ill  t'Sl  ream  walcr. 
w  liilr  llii'  Dilii'i'  liair  i-  ill  rmiiiuiiii  w  .'ilrr  of  llii'  -r.'i.  -11  -iiai'jp  i-  llii'  line,  and 
-iii'!i  llii-  waiil  11!' allinily  ln'twirii  llm-r  wairr-.  ainl  -nrli  loo  llic  rclnctanci  — 
-.1  Id  -I  Irak  —111  til"  |i;ii'l  ill'  I  Ip.-i'  ol'  I  III'  ( iiiir  Slrcani  Id  iiiiiiii'lr  w  illi  llic  cmii- 
iiinii  \\  airr  111'  I  III'  -ca.  '■  ■■  '"■'  ''•'  ''■' 

•"A  I  I  III'  \  I'i'y  -I 'a -III  I  ni'  I  III'  yrar  w  lii'ii  I  hi'  ( ■  nlf  Si  ream  i-  rn-liinu'  in  ijrcjitrsi 
\  I  ill  mil'  1 1 1  nil  lull  I  III'  S;  rail  -  III'  I'lmida  and  lia-lmiiii:'  Nnrili  w  ilii  tin-  i/niifrst 
raiiidily.  llii'iT  i- ,'i  i-iild  -lii'ani   I'roiii   i?aMin">  H;iy.     I.al)ra<l()r  and  the  coasts 

III'  IIm'   Niil'lh.  rillinillL;'  lu  llir  SnUlll   \\  illl  i'i|llal  \rliirity. 

■  •I'Ih'-.'  Iwii  (lint '11 1  -  iiH'ci  iill'i  |i(>  (iraiid  r.aiiK-  <it'  New  Fdimdland.  wlicrc 
Mil'  lallci'  i-  di\  idrd.  •  'Om'  |i,'ii-l  nl' il  imdcrriiii-  tlitMiiiil'Sircaiu.  as  is  sliow  11 
liy  1  lie  iccliii'i,;-   w  liirli  ai'i'  racriril  in  a  dircrliiiii   Iciidini;'   arro-s   its  coiii'sc. 

Till' iiilii'i- I'lirk  iim- li'i-.M'i'ii  llir  Inilcd  .Slates  coast  and  liictiiilf 
>!  Irani.  Ill  the  Smi:  II.  A-  a  riilr.  I  lie  linllc-i  water  of  tile  (;nlt'  Si  ream  i-  at 
nr  near  the -ill-rare:  and  ,1- llie  ileep -ea  iliei'inmneier  i- sent  dowii.  il  sliows 
iliii  llie-e  water-.  I limii;li  -I ill  lar  wanner  than  the  w.'iter  011  citlier  sidcat 
i-mies|p(iiidi!iL:'  depili-.  lii'i'iimi'~  n'railiially  |e-<  and  le--  warm  until  tliclxittmii 
111'  llie  eiiri'i'iil  i-  reai  lied.  'I'lierc  i- t'ca-uii  III  lielii'xc  that  the  warm  waters 
iiilhe  (iiiirsiream  arc  ini  where  |ierniilleil  in    the  iiceanie  ccmidiny  to  tinieh 

llie  I II  it  1 1  nil  111'  I  lie  -ea.  'I'lli'l'i'  i-  e\  il'y  W  llel'e  a  ell- llii  HI  (if  eiinl  watcl'  hel  WCcll 
l!l"!l!  ;illd  the  -ulid  |i:il'l-.il'  I  lie  ell'l  IT-  eni-|.  Till-  arrailii'emellt  is  sllj:'y-es- 
live  and  -'  rikiii'^ly  li:'a!i;  il'iil .  On.'  njih"  heiiiu'ii  otliei-  n  It  he  (J  nit  Sircam  is 
ii|i'iii\ey  heal  I'l'mii  I  In- ( i  lilt' 1  ij  Mexim.  where  nlherwisc  il  would  liccomc 
e\ri'--i\e.  aiii  1 1 1 1  di -]  leii-i  il  in  ivLiimi-  I  ley  mid  the  All.'inlie,  lor  the  ;imeliora- 
timi  mI'iIii'  r|i;iiali'-  nrilie  IJri'i-li  1-1, nid-  ami  all  W'e-leni  l'airo|ie. 

•  ■  \ii\\  I'ljij  w  iiii'i'  i-  mir  III'  1  III'  hi  ■-!  iimi-i'iiiidiicinr-  ol'  heat .  and  ill  he  warm 
',\, III  I' 111' I  he  (liiil  Siieain  \'.,i-  I'lil  .•lei'ii--  llie  Allaiilie  ill  eonlacl  with  llie 
-ulid  >'i",i-i  nf  il;,- c'lrih  -  emnparat i\ ely  a   i^'nnd  eiiiid'ielur  of  lie;it —iiislead  ol'. 

Iii'ill'^'  -elll    ,'i';-n--  ,'|~  il  i-  ill  inlilai'l    W  i  1 1 1  a  n  ill  I  lioll-eol  id  llct  il|e  cllsllioli  of  cOo 

Wilier  In  li'iid  il  I'l'mii  ihe  IhiIIuiii.  all  il-  heal  wmild  he  lo-i  in  ihe  |ir-l  paiM  ot' 
the  w. -IN  .  and  the  -nil  ilimaie-  i,f  Imi  h  I' ranee  and  la  1  inland  won  Id  he  as  that 
nf  l.ahradm'.  -e\ere  in  the  1  xin me,  .'iiid  iee-hmiiid. 

■•The  nia\iiiii!in  lein|ierai  iii'e  of  1  he  ( i nil'  St  ream  is  sill  dei^'rees.  or  alioiil  '.I 
di'Lii'ei'-  aliii\e  llie  iH'e.in  ii'inpi  I'.iiiii'i'  diie  lo  the  latiliulc.  Incrcasinii'  its  lati- 
Pile   |ii  i!''/:' 1'-.   il  |n-i-  lull  J  i|eu!i'ee- of  ii'iniieral  lire:  aiid  after  liaxin"/  riiii 


three 
heat 

•  •  \ 
then. 

leaell 

warn 


A 


9 


■I'llV.irMl 


I-    I  III  ire 


tiller  tlloll*:lll(l  lllilo  Inw.inl  the  Ndllll  il-lill  |il('-rr\c».  cVfll  ill  W  illtti'.  t  lie 
Ix'iil  ol'  >iiiiiiiicr. 

'•Willi  tliis  tfiiipcriiliirt'  il  cnt-so  tin'  tnrlictii  dc^i'iMif  iwn'tli  liititiulc.  ami 
llicii.  (ivrrtldw  in<;-  it  ~  lii|iii(l  IkiiiIv<.  il  >j>rt'ii(i>  it-clt'oiit  lor  tlioii^iiiids  of  <(Hiiii'(' 
l<aj;ii(s  o\i'i' till  cuiij  waters  ai'oiiin  I.  ami  covers  the  oei'aii  with  a  maiille  of 
waniilh  that  s|.|'ves  so  iiuieh  In  iiiili^iMte  in  Kiiriipe  the  ri<ror<  of  winter. 

■  "Moxiii;;'  now  more  slow  ly,  hnl  ilispeiwiiiii'  its  j;-enial  iiitliieiiee-  more  Ireelv. 
il  tinaliy  meei^ihe  IJrilisli  l>lamls.  IJy  tlu'se  it  is  diviileil :  one  i)art  n'oinji' into 
ll;e  I'olar  lia-in  of  Spii /hern-en.  llie  oilier  eiiterin.ii-  Ihe  Hay  of  1  Tim -ay,  liiu  eaeli 
with  a  warmth  eoiisiileialil\'  above  the  oeean  temperature. 

•  -We  know  not .  exeepi  apin'oximalely  in  one  ortwo  plaees,  what  theileptli 
or  miller  temperature  of  the  (iiilf  Sii'eam  may  he:  hut  assinuinii'  the  temi)era- 
liiie  ami  \eliieiiy  at  the  depth  oftwo  hundred  fathom-  to  he  tlios(^  of  the  snr- 
laie,  ami  takinii' tile  weii-Kiiown  dilVereiice  hetweeii  the  eapaeity  of  air  and 
water  for  -peeiiie  heal  a-  the  ariTumt'iit.  a  -iniple  ealeiilalion  will  show  thai 
ilie  ipiaiuity  ol  heal  disehar^i'ed  over  the  Allantie  trom  the  waters  of 
the  (nilf  Sii-eam  in  awintei'"s  day.  would  he  sutlieient  to  raise  the  whole 
volume  of  atmosphere  llial  rests  upon  !•' ranee  ami  the  British  Islands  from  the 
iVee/iiiii'  point  III  -.iinimer  heat . "  ' 

'I'liei  ,  w  hen  >iieakin;:  of  the  elVeet  on  the  eiimates  of  Central  Ameriea  and 
Mexieo  arisino-  from  the  exeess  of  heat  earried  otV  IVom  them  hy  this  stream, 
hesiiys:  "'.V  simple  ealeiilalion  will  show  that  the  i|nantity  of  heat  daily 
I  arried  ollliy  llie  (J  iilf  Stream  from  tho>e  re;iioiis  and  diseharii-eil  over  the.\t- 
aiilie.  is  sK tfich'iif  fu  /•iiis<:  iirniiitniiis  i,f  ir<i)i  t'rion  ::rnj  t"  flu'  Dii'ltiiitj  pui/if,  and 
t.,  hi-cpin  llnir  frmii  tlifiiio  uinlfrn  s(/'riih/  nf  iininl  i/rrtif''/'  In  vnliniif  lluui  tlic. 
ira'rra  iliiihi  liisf/in /■i/c/  ^rmii  tin'   ^Iis.'i'iasi ppi  rifcr. 


n. 


'\na  (iii.i'  sri;i:A.M  .\m>  iiii:  ki  ko-siwo. 

'riie-e  are  hrief  exlrael>  from  what  thi-  pi-ofound  thinker  and  heauiiliil  w  ri- 
lei-  ha-  said  in  rejianl  to  the  (iiilf  Strea'.n.  its  eharaeter.  and  lull nenee  upon  the 
regions  of  liie  ;:iohe  w  lio<e  -liores  ;ire  wa-hed  hy  it-  ni'nial  water- :  and  I  hey 
are  equally  ajipliealile  lo  the  Kiiro-Siwo  of  ihe  I'aritie  a-  they  are  to  the 
(inlfSlieam.  The  Kui'o-Siwi).  however,  was  not  known  at  the  rnneoflii> 
\»rilin,i;-.  and  was  delineated,  as  before  staled,  from  tlw  meterolotiieal  reeoinls 
ot  the  sixteen  \es-cl-  compo-in;;-  the  .lapaii  expedilion. 

The  analouiy  bel  ween  ilie-e  ,-ii'eains  i-  as  eomplele  a-  il  is  !;|i'ikinu'.  M\' 
lookinji' at  this  iharl.  on  whiihlliey  are  li-aeed.  you  will  iiei'ceive  thai  they 
both -prill  <:•  from  I  he  northern  edi^e  of  the  equatorial  em-rents,  in  latitude  ^'J 
decrees  iiorili.  That  ihey  both,  al  lir-l.  -larl  direiily  iiorlh,  and  then  eiirxe 
urailuallv  to  Ihe  eastward.  Thai  iieiiher  of  them  i except  Ihe  (liilf  Sli'eam  at 
il-  orii:in.i  loiicli  the  ea>lern  shore-  of  America  or  A-ia  .  but  lli:il.  attei'  -weep- 
im:'  oliliqiiely  across  i  lie  \a>l  ocean-  in  w  liidi  they  lie.  they  bathe  the  we-iern 
-bore-  iif  I  ho-e  conliiienl>:  thai,  when -irikinii-  ihose  I'ouiineiils.  ihey  are 
bill  II  -plii  iiilo  I  wo  nne(|ual  part<:  I  iial  the  lar;:cr  porlioiis  ofeaeh.  impiiiiiinji 
upon  Ihe  land,  are  iecui\eil  lo  ilic  -oiiihward.  and  tinaliy  fall  ai^aiii  into  tli 
curreiii  -  of  ihe  eqiialor  :  thai  ihe  smaller  port  ions  of  bol  h.  howevei'.  eoutiuue 
I  heir  coll  r-e  to  ilu'  iiorlheasl .  into  I  he  Arctic  ocean — that  of  ihe  ( i  ill  f  Stream 
by  way  of  Spil/l)er;:cii.  and  ih.il  of  ihe  Kiiro-Siwo    by  Uehrinjj- Straits :  that 


tlicv  IpuIIi   li;i\r  inid  cullMlir  ••Ullclll-  illlrrx  cnill.U  liclwccll    tllchl  ;|U(1  lllc  rnli- 

linciii»  iic;ir  wliiili  tlicy  I'i-f.  .hhI  w'nirli  run  in  directly  <>|ipn~it('  (lii'cctiini- 
1(1  llirir  uwii  i'(iiir-i~.  jiiid  willi  ciiiial  i;iiiidily:  thai  tln'y  both  liavf  tin-  >aiiii' 
lii;;li  iciiiiicratmi' (it'Mi  d('i:i-('('s.  iiri'scrviiiii  in  tlir  dead  ol'  wintii'  tlic  licat  <il 
-iiiiinicr  :  tlial  tiny  arc  licitii  I'li^liioncd  in  bed-;  ofinol  watrr.  wiiirh.  iVoiii  waul 
niatlinity.  rulw  t  licin  nf  imnr  ni'  ilicir'  warintli  :  that  tlii~  warm  111.  alti'i'  haviii.i: 
Itciii  carried  tli<>ii«aiid- III'  uiile-  ihrniiiih  the  water*  (if  the  (iceaii-.  i-  iihe 
moment  lhe»e  ~treain<  touch  the  land  i  I lii'ow  n  out  with  -udi  freedom,  and 
dill'u-e(|  -o  fai'.  Iiy  I  he  eondiicii\c  power  of  the  earlli.  a-  to  chanu'c  the  di- 
male-  of  nearly  lialfol  liotli  I  he  continent  -:  and  1  hat  lliey  holh.  in  t  heir  ne\  ei- 
cea~iii,u'  ;nid  unclian;;ini:'  lieiieliccnce.  are  til  -yuihoN  of  I  he  wisdom  and 
Ltdodne*-  of  Ilim  w  ho  ••crcalcij  i  he  hea\ en-.'"  ••forme(|  I  lieeart  h  and  made  il."" 
and  ••c|-eat(M|  il  not  in  vain."'  hiil  who  ••foi'med  it  lo  lie  inhaliiled." 

1  lia\c  coniiiareil  the  circnlalioii  ot'lhe   \\ater~-  of  Ih 'cans  to  that  of  the 

lilodd  of  the  animal  -y-lem:  hul  whiNi  llai'x cy"- di~co\ cry  re\ caleil  the  law - 
w  hicli  L;d\  ciai  the  laitei'.  and  Icil  lo  I  heir  com  1 1  lei  e  I  |c\cl  opulent .  w  ('  ha\('  hni 
ulimp^c-  here  and  there,  of  t  h(i~e  w  liich  coni  rol  i  he  current  •  of  the  ocean-  in 
I  heir  cam  penpal  in;:'  and  eipiali/inu'  ramilicalion-.  I'or.  of  e\en  llio-e  on  I  he 
-ni-|;icc.  Iiul  \cry  lil  I  le  i- know  n.  only  a  few  of  I  hem  liaxini;'  lieen  delineated 
or  -y»iemat  ically  examined  :  and  ol'  i  lio-e  lielow  i  he  ~urface.  or  in  t  he  depi  h* 
ot  tile  ocean,  we  know  literally  iiai  liinu'.  furl  her  iliaii  i  hat  they  do  e\i»t  and 
are  unchaiiLicalile. 

r(ii.\i:  (  I  im:i:ms    \m»  k  i;iii:i!(;<. 

'{'he  polar  curreni  -.  w  liicli  have  Ikiii  de-crilM'd  a*  llow  ini;'  dow  n  to  I'oriu  I  he 
-real  cnrrciil-  of  the  Ivjiiaior.  mo-il\  iinderrun  I  he  warm  water*  of  the  (Julf 
>l  ream  and  I\uro-Siw  o.  a~  i*  -how  n  hy  I  he  drill  of  I  he  icclici'L;-  in  I  he  N'orlli 
Allan  lie.  w  liidi  mainlain  a  (|i  reel  ion  in  i  he  xiul  liw  ard  a(a'o-<  I  he  coiir-e  of  I  he 
( iulf  Stream,  until  di--(il\cil  hy  ihe  lepid  heat  of  ilie  latter. 

'I'd  properl>'  u  ill  lc  -land  w  hy  i  lie-e  ieelur;:-  do  not  lake  t  he  coiir-e  of  i  he 
(iiilf Stream,  when  iiiey  eiicoiinier  il-  iiirreni.  in-lead  of  rclaininu'  that  of 
the  current  t'roiu  the  North,  il  iiin-i  he  reuieiiiliereil  ihai  ice  lloai  inn- in  <alt 
water  ha-  -e\'en-eiL;lil  h-  of  il  -  \  Illume  immer-ed.  and  mily  one-eio-ln  li  ah(i\'e  i  he 
-iirface.  An  iceherL;'.  I  hen.  that  ri-e-  i  liree  liuiidre(l  feel  alio\  e  I  he  -nrfai-e  of 
llie-ea.  i-  -ulimcrLi'cd  lo  I  he  depi  h  of  I  w  eiily-oiie  liuii(lrei|  feel:  and  if  the 
-nrface  ciirreiil .  I  herefoi'e.  i-  ih  i  more  than  a   Ihou-aiid  feel  in  depi  h.  ii  will. 

of ir-e.  lake  1  he  direci  ioii  of  1  h.i!  w  liich  may  he  run  nine- he  nea  I  h  il.     I  haxc 

-cell  an  iceliern-  ill  I  he  Si  III  I  hern  ocean  w  liich  we  e-limaled  to  he  1  w  o  mile*  ill 
iliameler.  and  ahollt    -e\ell   hllllilreil   fcel     hiuh  :    ciiu-ei|l|e|il  ly    il-  depi  h  helow 

I  he  -Iirface  w  a-  nearly  lixe  I  hoi  i -a  ml  feci .  and  in  the  hea\  iin:'  -w  ell  of  a  liercc 
ii'iiipe-l.  ill  w  liich  oiir -hip  had  lieeii  -I  ruuulin.e-  fur  a  fori  iiiulil .  il  -looda- 
iinnioscil  in  il  -  maie-iic  'jrandcnra-  I  he  niik-hoiiiid  eoa-l  -  of(  ape  Horn  il-ell. 


To 

Hi 

mtit 

1: 

in    t 

*i 

liiie( 

l-*ir- 

I  in:  \(ii;i  iiw  i;-r  1'\<--a(.i;. 

ilaviiiLi-.  however.  de-crihei|  ihe  1  w  o  -real  -ireani-  ill  !  he  Norili  Allanlic 
and  racilic  vv  iiicli  have  llie  iiio-l  direci  licarin;:-  upon  niv  -uhjeel  .  and  t  raced 
ihetlow  of  lar^e  purl  imi- III  I  heir  vvarni  waler-  loihe  \cry  I  hre-liojd  of  t  he 
Arctic  -ea.  I  will  now  .  he  fore  lollnw  ini:'  I  hem  fan  her.  di-eii--anol  her  hrancli 
lif  I  he  ■iilijeci  nece--arv  for  I  he  proper  eliii'iilal  ion  of  my  I  heorv. 


Ill  I  III'  I'llll- 

ilirci'tioiis 

'  till'  »;iiii(' 

III'  lii'.'il  III' 

IVniii  uiiiii 

li'i-liiiviiiii' 
i>.    i-  iilir 

'llnlll.   ;||||| 

<•   the   cli- 

ii'ir  iii'M'i- 

-limu    ,'iii(i 

iiiaiic  ii."" 

iIkii  (iruic 

i\  tile  i.iw^ 

<■  li;i\c  liiii 
i'i'r;iii>  in 

I»C   (III    lllc 

li'lilHMlcd 
ilr  iic|it||^ 
<'xi-t  ;iiii| 


>  I'nriil  I  lie 
I'llif  (iiiiC 

lllr  \oilll 

IrMMlflhc 

,1^'  lil.lt  t>{' 
'IV  in  s'lil 
il)(i\(.  til,, 

ni'lilcc  nf 

ml  il'llic 
I-  il  will. 
.     I  h.ivr 

mill.,  in 

I  II  licjiiw 
l:l  licicc 
^hiiiij  ;|> 
111  iNcll. 


^1  l:iiilic 

I  li-;icc(| 

<l  nnilc 

IllVlllrh 


I 


11 

To    tliioc    wliii-c    imi'^iiil-  ot   li(<'    liii\f  iint    ri'iulfrfii  tliciii    (iiiiiiliMr  witli 

lumticiil  scinirr.  it    iii;iy  he   well  In     cviil.iiii   the  pfniirr  >ij:iiilicatioii  of  nr- 

liiiii    trclmic.'ilitii'*.    wliicli   i-    Mcrc»<!ir\     in  n   lliin'iiiii:li  ;i|(iircfi;ili(iii  <>!'  tlir 

-lllijcct. 

l-'ir^t.    I  imi-l  (ii'lllnll^t  liltc  w  ilMl  i-  llmlr|--l(i(iii  li\  lllc  ••  Nol'liiwc-I  r:i-«;ij:c." 

ill  "■niitnidi^tilli'liuii  lo  the    l';i^>;i^c  In  lllf  I'dlr. 

.M.'iiiy  I-]iir(>priin  ii;ili(iii>  in  r.'irly  tiiiir-.  arcc|)iiiiiilli('  i  henry  nt  i  lie  ml  i  unlit  y 

of  lln'  cartli.  ami  x'rUiiii;'  for  a  sliorirr  I'oiitr  to  India  than  tliat  hy  the  way  ot' 

lllc  (  aiir  of  ( iood  lIo|i(',  ciidcaMiri'd  to  >ail  lliciicc  liy  dircctiiiL:'  tlicir  coiir^r 

westward  aci'o>»  tlic  Atlantic     ( 'liia>loi)|icr  (  oliiniim*  (■nti'i'taiiicd  tiii-  idia. 

and  cNrii  after  I  lie  oicfos  of  hi*  \()ya^('».  I)clic\fd   that  lie  had  accoiiiiili>licd 

1  lie  dc^ifcd  f(-iilt.  and  died -iipiio^inii- t  lial   lir  had  reached  theUlaniN  lyinii' 

otV  the  ea-^t  eoa>l  of  A»ia.     Hence,  t he  name  India   l>laiMN  wa- ,L:i\cii   to  the 

uroiip  lyin;;- at  the  nioiith  of  the  (inlf  of  Mexico.     |>iii   altera  time,  w  hen  ii 

\\a>  discovered  thai   a    \a-l   I'cnitiiient   and  niii:lity  ocean    lay  between    llie-e 

India  l-le>  and  the  >h(n'e-  of  A>ia.  the  term  ••\\'e~t  Indies""    wa-apidied  to 

lliem  in  coiitra-distinctioii    toihe  ••{•;a-l    India    I-laiid-""  found  to  i  he  -oinh- 

ward  of  Iheea^lern  hem  i~p  here.     Tim-  it  w  ill  appear  the  con  linen  t  of  Ann  rica 

lilocked   np   the   we-lein   route   lo   India.      'The  route  by  <  ape  Horn,  be-ide- 

beinu  more  di^tanl.  wa>  even  more  da  ii;;e  ion-  than   that  by   t  lie  (ape  of  <  iood 

Hope,  and  the  idea  liecanie  pre\aleiit  I  hat  I  he  c  miiilil  e\i-i  ami  lie  practicalije 

lor  I'ommeree.  a  pa>-a.i:"e  round  t  lie  iiort  hern  e\l  reinity  ot'  America  :  and  t  iii- 

passaji'e  iyiiiL;-  in  a  Xo/i/nrrs/  direction  from  iMirope.  h;i\,.  rise  to  the  espii-- 

-ioii  of  ■■N('i'tliW(-t  I'a-sa.u'c.""     The  tir-l  alleinpt  that  wa-evermade  lodi>- 

i-o\('r  or  elleet  till-  passage  wa-  nndei-t;ikeu  liy  .lohn  ( 'orlereal.  a  Port  nyiie-e. 

ill  the  year  |.")(i;i.      Ilr  iai/ri/ ;   dm/ si,    /i-is  all  the  unirri  lt,iis   iiifi}l]i]iiu'i\  iiitn- 

/irisr  and  nir/\(/i/  fh'if  lim-r   hcoi   crpiiidril  'm.  ilmt  dlrf'tnui  h\i  i  rrril   iim  rit'i  mr  ini- 

tioii   cf  fite  (I'urlil.  I'runi  llmi  tinn'  tn  il<'iK. 

>ii:  .khin's  i  iianklin's  k\i'i:i>i  hon. 

The  <'arly  expedition-.  Iieiu.i:'  but  poorly  proxided.  and  lia\iim'  no  -iiccor 
or  -uiiplie>  to  fail  liack  upon — w  hen  -o  unforlunatc  as  to  lie  ean.:;iil  in  the  ice 
for  the  w  i 111 ei'— were  ii-iially  eonipletel\  de-troy ed  by  the  -c'ir\y.  -tar\aii(Mi 
and  intense  cold  ;  and  that  t  hose  ot'  the  pa -I  cent  ury  have  not  -hared  I  he  -Mine 
fal<' is.  in  a  "iM'eal  mea-nre.  to  be  attribiiti  d  lo  i  he  timely  a-si-iance  rendered 
them  by  other  expedition-  vv  he  never  they  have  met  with  ili-a-ler-. 

(If  this,  we  want  no  more  fearful  illiislraiiou  than  that  alVordcJ  u-  by  ihe 
terrible  fate  of  Sir.loliii  Franklin's  party. 

Tills  expedition  -ailed  from  Fnuland  in  IMI.  The  vc--cl  —  Ijcbii-  aiul 
Terror-'Wcre  probalily  lo-l  in  IS!,"!:  and  not  vv  ithstamiiiiL;'  the  million-  o| 
money  that  have  been -pcnl  in  expeditimis  of  relief,  and  a  heroism  ot' -ell- 
-acrilicin;^' eiier.uy  in  the  persoiiel  lompo-inu'  llio-e  expedition-,  of  vv  liich  the 
hi-tory  ol  t  he  world  -canely  alVords  a  parallel — yet  the  intellineiice  n<iw  conie- 
lo  11-  that  the  Amei'ican  explofer  Hall  liiis  I'eceiitly  obtained  undoubted  i proof 
I  hat  (  apt.  (  ro/icr--I'"ranklin"s  second  in  eomimind— vv  ith  -e  vera  I  oft  lie  men, 
weri' still  livin'j- only  -ouie  I  liree  yenr-aLi'oI  'an  the  mind  piclnrea  more 
frightful  tale  than  the  impri-onmeiit  ot'the-e  people  t'or  twenty  years  in  -iich 
a  I'eiiioii  of  fro/en  de-olalimi  a*  mii-t  lia\eheeii  Tlie  scene  ot  their  vvanderiiiir^'r 


12 


<>|     OIIILIt    1  .vri.l   l!KS. 

Ill  addition  III  the  iMiiii\  f\|iriliti(>iis  niiidc  in  tliis  dii'('<'li(in  to  llicuc^i  ut 
(irccnlaml,  tlicrohavc  Ihtii  otlicis  «'([iiaiiy  I'niitli'ss.  so  far  as  liic  main  oltJf<i 
of  tlit'ir  (Mitcrprisc  was  concerned,  tiiat  liave  been  sent  to  tlie  nortiieasl  from 
I  lie  Atiantii'.  to  lind  a  route  round  tlie  North  of  Europe  and  Asia  to  iudia  ; 
and  still  otiiers,  tiiou^iiconiparativcly  lew.  that  have  penetrated  IJehriii^i's 
Straits  with  tlie  special  purpose  ot'  passing'  eitlu'r  to  the  east  or  west — as  oj)- 
liortuiiity  iiiiji'lit  otVer — t'roni  the  Pacitic  to  the  Atlantic. 

or  tlie«e  latter,  the  eelelirated  ('ai)tain  .lames  Cook  was  the  lirst.  lie  made 
his  attempt  in  177!t.  liut  did  not  attain  a  hiirher  jioint  than  latitude 7(1  ilei;rees 
'2'.)  mill.  II.  loiiii'  KJl  ileii'.  10  iiiin.  w..  tlioiij;h  the  ice  which  harred  his  way 
was  loose  ice.  and  not  a  compact  hari'ier.  «liowiii^' that  it  was  drift  ice.  hrou.uhl 
there  hy  the  counter  currents  or  wind*,  or  hy  hoth  comhined.  and  was  teiu- 
jtorary.  Cook  heiii<j;- killed  at  the  Sandwich  Islands  l)y  the  native-;,  his  suc- 
cessor. <  aittain  Clcrke.  made  another  attempt  duriii;;-  the  follow  iiiii"  sumnu'r, 
hut  did  not  reach  as  lii^ih  a  latitude  as  ( 'ook. 

Kotzehiie.  of  tile  IJussian  Navy,  made  an  attempt  in  isl,')  to  pass  to  the 
West  T'oiiiid  the  Asi.'ic  continent,  hut  was  harred  hy  ice  :  he  however  says  : 
■'  '/'//!•  sen  iriix  uprn  fn  the  nnrtlnnxt  as  fiir  as  ihr  fi/r  cmdil  xrc."  \\\u\  "that  jUtss'uHi 
/•mil  fill'  Amfrh'dii  to  the  Axintir  (■nnsf  irns  li/:r  /xissini/  linnii'tUdfi'lji  fi  Out  sam- 
iiirr  info  irl//fi'i'. 

(apt.  IJccchy,  in  h^2(>.  tried  to  make  a  •  •northeast""  jiassaiie  fi-om  Hehriii.u's 
Straits,  hy  clinjiinii'  to  the  coast,  hut  ,ii'ot  only  as  far  as  Cape  Harntw.  ( 'ai)l. 
McChire.  also  of  the  ISritish  Navy,  passed  tlie>e  ^^raits  in  iS")!).  to  search 
foi- Sir  John  Franklin,  in  co-operation  with  four  v<'ssels  under  Sir  Kdward 
Helcher.  which  were  to  ii'o  northwest  t'rom  Davis"  Straits.  Alonii'  the  low 
lands  of  the  north  ends  of  the  continents,  the  tides  and  tVesh  water  from  the 
i-ivers  which  flow  thence,  jiencrally  keep  open  a  narrow  t'rinue  ot'  water  be- 
tween the  ice  and  the  shore,  durin;;'  the  summer  months:  ami  aionuthis  friiiiic 
or  strij)  of  Aater.  ('apt.  McCInre  coasted  till  reaehin;;' the  Pairy  Islands, 
aboiil  lonuitiide  117  deii'.  west,  where  his  ship  was  fro/eii  in. 

Ill  .rune  IS."i;i.  he  abandoned  his  shi)>.  the  ■•Investiii-ator.""  and  with  her 
crew  traveled  one  hundred  and  seventy  miles  ovci'the  ice  tojoin  the  "IJesdlute."" 
which  was  also  fro/i'ii  in  at  Dealy  Island,  and  which  in  turn  was  atiaiidoncd 
by  order  of  Sir  Kdward  IJclcher.  and  which  in  September.  IS,")."),  was  t'onnil 
in  IlatVm's  Hay.  lalitn(l<'(17  de<;\  N..  by  a  New  London  whaler,  still  wedded 
securely  in  a  Held  of  ice  covering;- an  area  of  hundred- of  »(|Uari' miles,  with 
which  shehail  been  safely  drifted  twelve  hundred  miles  to  the  southward  and 
(>ast  ward  from  the  point  where  she  leu'  been  abandoned. 

The  ii'allant  >!<■(  lure  is  justly  entitled  to  the  di-tinuui-hed  credit  of  Iimn  iii.i;' 
lieeii  the  lirst  ti)  i)ass  t'rom  ocean  to  o<'ean  round  the  cuiilinent  :  yet.  e\eii  he 
cannot  be  saitl  to  have  (•//•iv/;;//i^rr///«/<(/ the  north  cinl  ol'  the  continent,  since 
a  part  of  the  i)assa;fc  was  made  on  t'oot  over  the  ice.  The  only  expedition^ 
that  have  attemptccl  to  reach  the  Tole.  prior  to  those  n|' this  jia-t  summer 
were  those  of  Henry  Hudson,  in  ](;()7.  who  reached  latitude  s]  deo-.  ;{o 
mill,  to  the  northwest  of  Spit /beru'eii:  of  Thipps.  in  177:>.  who  only  ;;'ol  to 
latitude  SO  dejrrtH's  ;i7  minutes  north,  in  the  same  locality  :  of  Admiral  Wraii- 
licll.   who  made  an  attempt  in  lS-2:i  by  traveling- over  the  ice  to  the  north  of 


I 


Ill"'   \VC»I      III 

iiaiii  (ilijc<i 

iii'.'isl  Croiu 

'   l<>  Iniliii  ; 

1  J  Jell  rill  OS 

<'>:I— ilS   OJ). 

irciiiiiilc 

•  "(t  (|C(^-1'C(.S 

■ll     Ilis  Wily 

•1'.  Iiroiio-lu, 

".•IS  tciii- 

-.  Ilis    Sllc- 

:.i  -Milliner, 

:iss  I,)  ii„. 

<'vcr  s;iys  : 

/lilf  pilssiiK/ 

fioin  mi III- 

ISi'liriiiii's 

\v.     Cjipi. 

■*»,' 

to  scarcji 

1-   Kilw.in! 

4'  I  lie  low 
•  <roiii  III,. 

1 

wah'i-  hc- 

liis  fringe 

■* 

•     I>I.1II(|S. 

1 

\\itli    iicr 

<'S(>llltc."' 

•aiKloiinl 

■  8 

44 

1 

•■IS  t'oiiiid 

f 

1  wvilii-,.,! 
Ii's.  Willi 

\.ir(|  ;i||i| 

1 

I'  li;i\iii^- 

•'M'll  lie 

f-: 

ll.  >iiicc 

4 

<'iliii(iiis 

■i 

'^iihiiiicr 

* 

<l<  ■,!;■.   ;{() 

■  y'ol  (a 

1  \Vriiii- 
orlli  of 

1 
1 

^4 


Silu'ria.  rcacliiiii;'  laliiiKic  7lt  (!('<;•.  ;")!  iiiiii.  in  longitude  17.")  dc^'.  1'  niiii.  west, 
wlicir  lie  saw  an  o;  imi  sc;i,  lioiindlcss  to  the  vision,  towartl  tlii'  Pole;  of 
Cajitains  IJucliaii  and  Fraiii<]iii  in  l.'^ls,  wlio  reached  iat.  SO.  (!(•<;•.  M  niin. 
iiortii,  near  Spitziier^-eii.  and  tlieii  sailed  to  tiic  westward  aloii<.''the  ieeliarrier. 
Iiiit  lost  ;rroiind  (to  the  southward)  as  tiiey  advanced  in  tiiat  direction  till  tliey 
had  to  aliaiidoii  their  altenijit  :  and  of  Tiirry.  in  1S-J7,  Avho  on  reaciiiiiji-  tiie 
ii-e  to  the  iiortli  of  Spit/iierjicii.  t(>oi<  to  his  hoats.  lilted  on  ni liners,  and  after 
one  of  ilie  most  ialiorioiis  journeys  on  record.  (hirin<i'  which  he  traveled 
;ictnally  live  liiindred  and  sixty-ei^^ht  miles,  yet  made  only  seventy-two  miles 
on  his  coiir>e  to  the  north  from  the  point  where  the  lioats  left  tlio  water, 
reaehinji' latitude  !*;■-*  de;^-.  4(1  miii.  :2;{  sec.  north. 

1)1!.    KA.NK    AM)    1)11.    IIAVKS. 

This  w;is  ihe  nearest  aiitheiilie  approach  to  the  Pole,  until  Dr.  Kane's  dis- 
co\ery  of  till'  oiieii  >ea  to  the  north  of  Smith's  Sound,  in  1H.")4.  and 
of  \)r.  Jlayes.  who  visited  this  same  locality  in  ISfil,  and  reached  the 
latitndt!  of  nearly  83  de<i'.  IJiit  in  both(>f  those  last  two  cases,  journeys  of 
from  oiu' hundred  and  tifty  to  two  hundred  miles,  in  a  straight  line,  had  to 
he  made  over  the  ice.  from  where  the  thermometer  raii<ri'd  helow  zero,  hefore 
reachinji' tlii«  open  sea  with  its  wiiter  of  ii  temperutiin'  of  !!(!  (h\i(rees  ahove 
zero. 

From  a  careful  perusal  of  all  the  narratives  ot  those  who  have  made  ex- 
idoratioiis  in  Ihe  Northern  seas,  we  liiid  tliat  nianj'  discoveries  were  made, 
which  more  or  less  have  an  im])ortant  ttearin^'  upon  the  suhject  matter  of  tliis 
lecture,  and  which  will  he  evident  as  we  proceed  in  our  invest i<>'a( ions. 

Thus,  of  the  more  important  were  the  maimer  in  which  the  ice,  eollectin^' 
for  years,  forms  an  imiienetralile  harrier  iii  certain  loealitie?;  for  linndreds  of 
miles  toii'cther  ;  that  it  generally  adheres  to  Hie  shores  of  the  main  laiul  and 
lar<ier  islands;  that  hu;L;('  fra<inieiit>  are  hrokeii  otf  from  the.se  accretions  hy 
the  su]icrincumheiit  accumulations  of  snow  and  hy  the  action  of  the  water, 
and  lloat  (HI'  in  vast  masses  and  are  drifted  li\-  the  currents  to  the  south- 
ward: and  jilimiises.  if  not  complete  discovery,  of  tliat  ojten  sea  wliieli  it 
is  now  jicnerally  hclieved  eiitireh'  surrounds  the  Pole.  The  most  important 
discoveries  to  science,  however,  were  perhaps  the  determiuatiou  of  the  north 
ma;iiietic  I'olc  liy  Sir. Fames  IJuss.  in  h'slil,  almut  latitude  7(>(ley-.  and  h)n<>'itude 
100  de^i'.  west;  the  veriticatioii  of  two  "  Poles  of  <iTeates  cold."  one  amid 
the  Pairy  I-lands.  north  of  America,  in  latitude  7S  deo-.  loii<;itU(le  !).'{  dej"'. 
west.  ;nid  tlie  otlii'r  north  of  A>ia.  in  latitude  77  deji'.  and  longitude  l(i;{  de<)'. 
e;ist  ;  and  the  disc(i\ery  of  the  oiieii  sea  at  the  head  of  Smith's  Sound  hy  l»r. 
K'aiic'-  e.\peilitiiiii,  in  l^.")!.  and  revisited  liy  Dr.  Have-  in  isiil — hefore 
spoken  of. 

(11,1)    NOllO.NS    K\l'I,olU;i). 

'I'lii<  last  does  aw;i>  with  tiie  old  iiotioii  of  the  accumulated  ice  of  a<i'es. 
ic-liiiL;- ii|Miii  and  around  Ihe  Pole,  which,  in  fact,  in  the  natural  order  of 
Ihiii^s.  i-  a  pliy-ical  impos-ihility  ;  for.  since  meteor()lo;^•ical  ohservatioiis 
ha\('  show  11  that  the  avera<;c  preci|)itation  of  moisture  in  ;ill  p.arts  of  the 
v\orld  i-  li\i'  Icel  aMiiiiall\  .  and  a-  it    is  ;iduiilted  hy   the  ino-t   ilis|  inyiiished 


u 


.iiTlir  cxidnrcr*  tli:ii  tin-nil  li.i-  I  mi  Mil  Ic  iiilliiciH-c  iii(li--(»l\  in^iilic  ii't-  w  illi- 
iii  lliK-c  I'cuinii-.  il  i>  lairlo  -iippusc  lli.il.  wcit  llicrc  no  otlicr  iiilliiciiccs  at 
work  Id  iinxliicc  iiri<  di^xtliilioii.  tin-  ;i((  rctioiis  of  ice  and  simw  (tVoiu  Itciii^' 
<o  niiicli  Ir»<  cnmpai'l  Iliaii  water)  would  I'lilly  ('(iMal  tliisavcfayc.  'I'liis  hciiin- 
t  lie  ca^c.  t  lien,  in  I  lif  |>crioil  of  -ix  tlioiwaiid  \  cais  t  lici'c  would  have  acciimii- 
lali'd  alioiit  tlir  I'olcs.  ill  an  ai'ca  mihi'aciii^'  a  niiilion  and  a  lialf  of  >(|nai'i' 
niil('<.  a  iilatcaii  of  iic  tliirty  tlioii-and  frrt  in  lM'i.<;'lit  I 

'riic-c  aiciiniiilatioiis  of  walcf  in  a  solid  foian.  at  tlif  cai'th's  cxtfcinitii'-, 
would  not  only  liasc  inati'iaally  lowered  tlie  level  of  tlie  imeoii.ii"ealed  oeean- 
froiii  wlieiiee  tlii»  nioi-liire  had  been  di'awn  li\  exaporation.  Imt  woiilil  aNo. 
Iiy  tlie  w  illidiawal  of  »ii<li  ;i  wcii:lit  fidin  I  lie  emt  lal  /one- of  the  eai't  li  and 
llie  piliiii;'  of  il  up  al  the  e\i  remit  ie-.  have  de-ti'oyed  the  e(|iiilihriiiin  or 
halailee  of  the   e'lohe. 

'I'hel'e  are  oilier  a,i;i'neie-.  however,  he-ide-  the  direel  ray-  of  the  -nil.  eoll- 
•^tanllyat  wofk  %vinler  a-  well  a-  -mniiier.  l"  keep  the-e  -ea<  open,  and  of 
wliieh  wc -hall  -peak  p?'e-entl,\. 

OI'I.N    I'ol.AI!  >1;A. 

il  i-  to  ihi-  open  -ea  al)onl  llie  I'cde  llial  we  hi'lievc  there  can  he  found,  at 
eertain  -eason<  of  the  year,  direet  ami  aree--ihle  pa--a.!;('-  for  >hips.  and  of 
eoiirse  thi'iiee  directly  to  the  Pole  ii-elf--for  it  i-  all  iiitere<tini;'  fact  ill  t'ey'ard 
lo  till-  -ea.  thai  it  lia<  tide-  w  liieli  elih  and  llow  -willi  re.iiularity.  show  in,!i- that 
il  ha<  a  L;real  area  free  from  land  or  oilier  permanent  ohstruetioiis. 

in  the  tran-aeti(ui<  of  the  Ifoyal  Society  of  I-( union  in  l(!7rt.  it  is  stated  that 
a  -hip.  enijiloyed  by  a  party  of  Dutch  merchants  to  make  discoxeries  in  the 
iiorlli.  had  bi'oiiiiht  back  tlie  W(Uiderful  new  -  that  ■•aflerlia\in,ii' sailed  to  the 
iKU'theast-ward  of  No\a  Zeiiilila.  -evcral  hnndred  iea^Mies  lietween  the 
parallels  of  70  and  so  dei:-..  the  -ea  wa<  perfectly  open  and  free  from  iee." 
It  is  also  slated,  that  in  !(i.'),'i.  a  Dutch  whaler  sailed  in  a  perfectly  free  and 
open  sea.  to  irUhiii  oin:  dr;/.  ••/  tin'  I'o/i',  and  that  about  the  same  ]ieriod 
aiioihcr  one  had  ,u'one  t  wo  deii-.  beyond  the  Pole.  These  report<  I  believe, 
not  with-tandiiiii'  il  i-  the  fa-hion  to  treat  them  ;.<  fable-.  And  i  believe 
flirt herniore.  that  the-e  ves-els  succeeded  in  iiettiii;;'  there,  simply  because 
they  foUoweil  by  accident  one  of  the  very  pathways  wliieli  science  now  point - 
out  to  IIS  as  atfordiii^'  tiie  only  i:aleways  to  the  I'ole.  It  was  thoii^lil  for 
I'cnturie^  that  (.'olumbn- was  the  lir-l  di-coverer  of  .Vnierica;  but  it  is  now 
well  known  that  the  Scandinavians  and  Nor-eiiieii  had  lieeii  upon  thi- conti- 
nent neai'ly  live  iiundred  years  before  he  made  his  voyage-.  And  for  tlii'ee 
hundred  years — or  ever  -iiiee  t  he-e  \oya,ues  of  t  he  1  )iitch — exphu'efs  of  every 
de-ci'iptioii.  whether  national  or  individual,  have  been,  and  are  still  in  mv 
opinion,  tryiiiu'  every  other  avenue  but  the  ri,i;lil  one-  to  reach  the  I'oie  and 
eirciimnaviuate  the  northern  extremities  of  t  he  continenls.  'I'lie  histories  of 
llie-e  exi>lorations  were  11  part  of  my  professi<uial  readiiii;'  for  npwai'ds  of  a 
ipiarter  of  a  century,  'i'lie  disasters  and  failures  of  the-e  expedilions  were 
therefore  familiar  t o  me.  a<  they  are  to  every  inti'liiii'eiit  seaman  :  but  I  had 
never  L:i veil  the  subject  any -pecial  attention  or  study,  until  il  -o  happened 
that  tlie  matei'ial-  were  placed  in  my  hands  which  led  to  the  delineation  of 
the  Kuro-Sivvo:  and  then.  Jii-I  as  my  niiiid  was  tilled  with  inten-e  interest 
al   the  lieaiitiful  harmony  anil  aiialoi:y  between  tin-  inauuiticeiit   stream  and 


I 

I 

I 


jli.'  -\-iriu  ol  (  iiiri'iii-ui   whicli  it  I'm-iii-.i  paii  in  ilic  l'a<-ilic.  willi  lli:il  nlilic 
(iiiir  >Uv;iiM  ■■iikI  its  -ysti'iM  in  I  lie  Atl;iiilic.  lh<'   HfW-  \\;i-   iv.rivcd  nf  l\;nr  "« 
(rw.(.\cry  i.r  till' Oiifii  rohirSiM.  ;iiul  |Mn|,lr  Ix-aii  ai    <>\\rv  to  iiKiuiiv  Imw 
-iicli  a  tliiiii!-  wa-  i>(>--ilil.'.  wlirii  it  \\a-  -owdl  know  ii  1  lial  a  licit  of  icr -fvcral 
hmnlivd  niilc-in   witltii  nni-l    -nrroini.l  llii-  -ca  and  lie  li.t  wren  it  and  tlir 
K.|nalnr.     'I'lic  iliart-  were  npi.n  my  tallica!    wliitli   1   wa-  daily  at    wurU. 
-Iiowinii' til.' (Iiilf  Stivani  •'in'l   Ivnrn-Siw..  a-  lln'y  aiv  now  cxliiliilnl  licfniv 
\<iu  (»\cciit  tlir  I'dldi'inui.  uilli  llirir  warm  lif  nclir-  or  forK«  I'Mcndin^- by 
Siiit/.lit'i'uvn  and  Hchrin.i!-  Slfait-.   and  iicrfrrtly    dctcrmitud  in    l>otli  llifif 
width  and  iliivction  a- tar  a- Ihi- iff  Ix'll  i< -nii|io-fd  to  cxi-t.     Now.  apjilx- 
iiiu-  the  axiom  in  llif    pliy-i.'al  -cicnrc  of  tlir  -"'a.  a-  laid  down  liy   Maiiry. 
ihal  ••  wlicncMf  a  riincnl   or  -iivam  of  water   i>  fonnd    llowinu'    '■'"'"  .'iny 
point  in  the  ocean,  other -trcam- or  enrreiits  of  e(|nal   volnme  mn-l   How  to 
that    point."  and  ktiowinu'  thai   immense  cm-rent-  Ihiwcd    con-tanlly  down 
from  the  Arctic  o<'ean  In    every  avenue  opcnin.uinto  the  Atlantic  and  I'acilic. 
exci'pt  aloni;-  the  pathway-  of  tlie-e  northern   fork-  ot'  the  (;nlf  Stream  and 
Knro-Siwo.  it  wa<almo-t  impo—ilile  t  liai    the  idea -hould   not   occnr  to  my 
mind  Ihal  I  lic-e  w  ere  I  he  -lre;nn-llial   not    oidy  cariacd   llii-  exce— of  water 
to  the  I'ole.  hill  aUo  Ihal  the  warmth  they  carried  with  them  wa-  ihedirect 
and  suir  caii-e  of  ilr-  open  -ea.  and  that  their  pat  h- tlirtin.uh  the  ice-hclt  otVei- 
ilie  onl\  highway-  tor -hi)- to  iliat  -ea  :  aiul  I   -o-lated  it    in  my  oHicial  re- 
poi-1   on   ihe    l\nro-Siwo  to  Commodore  i'erry.     Still  impre— ed   with  tlie-e 
faci-.   la-l  -iinimer.   when  1    heard   thai    cxiicdit  ion-  w  ere  I  lein.u' titled    out  in 
Km-ope  for  Ihe  I'ole.    I   addre— ed  a   commnnication   lotlie   rre-iileni    of  the 
American  ( ieo^rapliical  Sociel\   of  New    York,    which  I    will  now   read,      ^'on 
will  notice  a  repetition  in  the  h'ller  of  -uiiie  tliin.i:-  which  haveju-t  lieeii  pre- 
-enieil  to  >onr  con-ideration.     'I'hi- ari-e-  from  my  havin.i;-  ,i:iven  in  i  he  for- 
mer onl\   a  i;cneral  -tatemenl  of  the  fact-  on  w  liicli  I  ha-i'  my  lheoi-,\ .  w  liil-l 
Mil-  c\enin'i-  ihcy  liavi'  Iieeii  de-crilied  more  in   deiail. 


Ml!.  r.KN  1  ■>   I  111  oi;v  n.'di'di  \i>i:i>. 

Whei'e  evcili  -  relal  inu' I  o  I  he  erni-e  of  Ihe  I'rehle  are  refcl'red  I  o.  it  ma\- 
he  well  lo  mention  hi  yoii  that  they  lian-pired  in  ISis-'.).  -oiiie  live  year- 
|,iioi-  lo  the  di-co\i'ry  and  delineation  of  the  Kuro-Siwoa-  an  important  part 
of  the  uraiid  -v-teiii  oldceanic  cnrreiil^  of  the  Pacific— the  Japan  expedition 
iLaiiiLi'  orii^inaled  from  Ihe  -nccc--  of  the  mi --i f  I  he  I'rehle  to  .la  pan  : 


i.i;i  IKK   lo   Mi:.    DAl.V. 

•J02U  Oi.i\  i:  sii;i;i.i.  i 

Si.   i.oris.  .M(i..  Scplenilier  l.'i.   |sii>.        , 

f.     /'.     J>'i/it,     l-l-<'/..     I'r'-shli-ift    A.in-rirmi    <  1,  ,,tir'i  nli'"-,i!  (ijkI    Stntisl'ini  I    Si.c'irlii. 

Sr,r    Vurl:  : 

Sii: :    -llavin.u-  -ecu  in  I  he  paiier-  a  hrief  leleLiram  that  ••  Knuland   and  l!n-- 

-ia   werealioni    liitinL;'   ont    an  I'xpcditioii  for    the  North    L'ole.""  and   haviiiL;- 

'^i\cii  I  hi'  -nlijccl  -onic  relleelion--or  rallier.    ha\in,u'luid   tlie>iil)iecl    forced 

li\  circnm-lancc-  upon  m\   mind  diirin.i:   iia-t  year-.  1  lake  the  liherly  of  ad- 

d're--inii-  \on  la-  Mie  pre-idin,u-  ollicer   of  thai   -ociclyin   ihi-   <-niin!i'\    wliicli 


ii; 


I 


will  naturally  take  llic  (lci'i>c«l  iiiltTcst  in  tlic  iilaiis  adopted  by  t hi' cxpfdi- 
tloii  as  to  tin;  route  it  is  to  pursue),  to  state  that  the  ivsidt  of  tlu'se  reilee- 
tioiis  is  tlie  creation  ol'a  doulit.  in  my  mind,  as  to  whotber  lormerexpeditions 
to  the  Arctic  seas  have  not  pursued  a  mistaken  route,  in  attemi)tin;i' to  <;'o  Ity 
the  way  of  Ballin  Bay  instead  of  Heiu'in^'s  Straits  or  Spil/.heryen  :  and  also 
wliether,  if  Captain  McChuehad  stood  boldly  out  to  the  northward  and  east- 
ward from  ]{ehrin;,^'s  Straits  instead  of  hujf;>-in<if  the  north  shore  of  the  conti- 
nent, he  would  not  iiave  carried  an  oiten  sea  and  a  warm  current  with  him 
till  reaidiin;;  tile  nortliward  of  Melville  Island,  and  from  thon<-e  have  liad  a 
s(jutherly  current  with  liim  into  the  Atlantic. 

In  other  words:  whether  the  expeditions  attemptini'to  make  the  ■•\orth- 
wt'st  Passage"''  have  not  jj^one  up  stream  against  a  hyperborean  current,  frigid 
in  its  tem|)erature  and  tilled  with  o]>i)osiug  ice.  when,  by  making  the  North- 
cast  passage  they  might  have  gone  down  stream  and  cai-ricd  with  them  the 
genial  iidliience  ot'  waters  din'Ctly  from  the  tropics,  ami  perhai)s  an  open  path- 
way to  the  very  Pole  itselt". 

To  enable  you  to  understand  the  process  by  which  my  mind  was  drawn 
gradually  to  this  subject,  and  the  conclusions  which  have  been  the  result. 
it  may  not  be  amiss  to  enter  somewhat  into  details.  'I'hese  I  shall  end<avor 
to  put  into  such  a  sha[)e  as  to  be  readily  followed  and  as  little  tiresome  as 
possible;  but,  before  doing  so.  will  i)remise  by  saying  that  the  duties  of  a 
naval  otticer  necessarily  oblige  him  to  l»e  moi-c  or  less  observant  of  the  currents 
of  the  ocean,  as  well  as  of  the  various  other  meteorological  phenontena  by 
which  he  is  constantly  surrounded:  yet  it  is  not  always  the  case  that  the 
phonomeua  presenting  themselves  within  the  scope  of  any  one  i)er.«oirs  ex- 
perience, lead  to  either  complete  results,  or  furnish  even  sutlicient  data  ui)ou 
which  to  basea  reasoualtle.  hypothesis—and  whether  such  has  not  lieen  the 
case  ill  this  instance.  I.  with  much  diflidcnce.  submit  this  j)a]ier  to  your  in- 
dulgent i)atience  and  judgment  to  decide. 

At  the  close  of  the  .Mexican  war  in  Isfs.  the  V.  S.  ship  Prel)le.  to  which  I 
was  attached  as  sailing  master  or  navigator,  was  ordered  from  California  on 
special  service  to  China.  In  crossing  the  Pacific  ocean  we  stojiped  at  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  where  we  foiinil  a  large  number  of  American  whalers  as- 
sembled for  the  winter.  In  conversation  with  one  of  the  most  intelligent  ol 
these  ca|)taiiis.  he  told  me  he  was  just  from  a  cruise,  in  the  Arctic  ocean,  and 
that  in  pursuit  of  w  hales,  he  had  gone  "afiwral  Inituhrd  iniloi  to  tlie  northward 
and  cnstuuird  fro)n  Jirfirinr/'s  Straits,  and  thrcr  hundred  miles  bri/o)id  the  linilts  of 
his  chart,  and  irith  an  open  sea  still  before  hiiu  <(s  far  as  eoald  he  seen  in  that 
direction."  From  the  Sandwich  Islands  we  kejit  between  the  tropics,  to  avail 
ourselves  of  the  northeast  trade  winds,  and  also  to  tak<'  advantage!  of  the 
(Mjuatorial  ciu'reiit — the  latter  of  wliich  we  found  setting  to  the  westward  at 
the  rate  or  from  thirty  to  eighty  miles  per  day.  and  which,  spreading  from 
the  tropic  of  Cancer  to  that  of  Capricorn,  has  a  width  as  gi'cat  as  that  of  the 
whole  Atlanti(!  Ocean. 

J  had  before  crossed  thi.^  current  some  eight  w  ten  times,  at  various  seasons 
of  the  year,  and  therefore  knew,  from  persfuial  observati(ui,  that  it  is  as  con- 
stant in  its  tlow  to  th<f  westward  as  that  of  the  <'(|uatorial  current  in  the  At- 
lantic. 


1 

•■i 

•I'lic 

Hong  1 

}, 

-.ea-on 

>lie  -li( 

lion  til 

.>■ 

-ca-  ai 

f 

moii^o 

% 

i-on^ta 

\  e»>cl- 

i'a«l  wii 

ward  1 

(  Dnl 

days  ]■, 

1 

two  hi 
island. 

ward  ; 

into  a 

s|(,nu 

loiigili 

% 

coiir-c 

wind  1 

would 

ing.  at 

/. 

w  aril. 

mile- 

noi'tlii 

ing  til 

or  out 

havcl 

M 

of  wll 

eolith 

Alt 

ilic  L 

Fro 

this  p 

1 

there 
pa»s(. 

of  (Ml 

tlicnc 

)■ 


If  cxiit'di- 
U'M'  rcllt'c- 
xpcdiiioiis 
^'  t ( )  <j-(i  1 ) y 
:  :iii(l  also 
:iM(l  cast- 
tliccoiiti- 
willi  liiiii 
ivc  liad  a 

i^  ••Xortli- 
ciit.  fri;>i(l 
he  Xorlh- 
tlii'iii  tlii> 
>|ii'ii  jialli- 

a-i  tirawii 
lie  result. 
•  •iidcavur 
rcsoinc  as 
iitics  of  a 

t'ClllTCllts 

oiiU'iia  l)y 
;  that  tilt' 
Tsou's  ex- 
data  IIIIOII 

lieoii  tilt" 
»  your  in- 

0  whicli  I 
il'oriiia  on 
ed  at  tlic 
dialers  as- 
i'lli«reiit  ol 
eeaii.  and 
'lorfhuuird 
e  liniifs  at' 
'cn  in  lliiit 
■s.  t<^  avail 

l^'O    of  tll(> 

St  ward  at 
liu',''  iVoiM 
liat  of  the 

is  seasons 
is  as  coii- 

1  the  .\t- 


i 


•'^ 


\  few  uioiitli-  aflei'  <iur  ai'i'ival  in  ('hiii.'i.  iiilellii^cnec  \va«  reeeixcd  Imm  ihi' 
<  iu\  iTiior  (ieneral  of  dava  that  a  iiuinher  of -hipw  reeked  Anieriean  seamen 
were  in  |irisnn  at  Naiiii-aKi.  in  dapan.  and  the  I'lehlc  \\;i-  ordeii  d  to  pineccd 
hi'i'e  at  oiiei' and  endea\or  to  olitain  their  release, 

'j'hi>  wa-  in  mid-winter.  wIk'Ii  the  iiorthe,i«t  inoon-oon  was, -it  its  heijiiu  : 
when  no  \  e-se|s  hut  »t  eauier-  or  opiinn  elipper-  attempted  lo  make  p;i->-at;e- 
lot  he  iiorl  h  eo,'ist  to  (  liiiia. 

The  almo-i  uiii\<'rsal  predi<liiin  of  hotli  Ameiie;ni»  ami  lhi^li«hmen  at 
lioiii;' Koni;-  was.  ihal  the  j'tclile  eould  not  aee;impli«h  theNoyayc  at  thai 
season  of  the  year:  hut.  with  u'ennine  pliiek.  the  eaplain  alway-  icplied  that 
«he  -h  oil  Id  do  »o  or  else  |;iy  lie|-  I  nine-  ill  the  I ».  it  torn  of  t  he(  hilia  -ea.  1  men- 
lion  t  hi^  lo  -how  how  link  now  n  were  the  dan.u'efs.  and  how  untiei|iiented  t  he 
-ea- at  that  time,  lyiii;;' helwcen  tlie  southern  eoa»l  of  (  hiiia  and  .lai'.aii. 

As  -oon  a-  We  liol  out  of  port  we  eiieountered  the  full  fori'c  of.  not  only  t  he 
nioii-oon.  Iful  also,  in  a  measnre.  t  lial  of  the  southerly  <Mirrent  which  How- 
eonstantly  down  ihel'"ormo-a  ehannel.  and  \\liiehis>o  stidn;ithat  sailin;:' 
\e>sel-  cannot  heal  |o  windward  against  ii.  hut  ai-e  ohliued  to  run  out  to  the 
east  ward  of  J'"orm(»-a.  I  o  tai\i'  ad\anla.;'.'  of  a  e:irrent  seltinu'to  the  norlh- 
w.'ird  from  that  point . 

«  Out endini:'  a.uai list  the  tirst  of  the-e  currents,  the  i'rehle  wa-  len  oi'  i  wcUc 
days  reaching;'  the  soul  1 1  eiiil  of  Formosa,  alt  liou;;li  the  di-tance  i>  onl\'  alioui 
1  wo  huiidicil  and  lifty  miles.  .So  soon  a-  she  doiihled  the  -outhend  of  tin- 
island,  and  had  .u'ot  out  of  this  current,  w  liich  we  loiind  ruuiiiniito  the  -outh- 
ward  a  I  the  I'alc  ot'  -i\  miles  per  iioiir  in  tl.ecliannel  way.  the  w  ind  frc^heneil 
into  a  slitt  ;iale  from  uorlheast,  eompellinii-  us  to  heave  the  ship  to  under 
s|(,rm  sail.-,  and  prexcniinu-  our  ;;i'ltiiiji'  any  ohsei-\ali(ms  for  latitude  and 
longitude  for  three  consecutive  days.  ['IMiis  heini;-  the  case,  we  diti  not  of 
coiu'se  know  wlicrethe  ship  wa-.  only  approximately.]  The  etlec!  of  the 
wind  upon  a  ship  iyinii' to  in  this  way.  if  nnintliieiK'ed  by  ocean  current-, 
would  he  to  drift  or  drive  her  to  leeward  in  the  dii'cction  the  wind  was  hlow- 
in;;-.  iit  tile  rate  of  about  thirty  miles  per  day.  At  the  expiration  of  three 
days,  therefore,  when  the -torm  abated,  and  land  was  di-covered  lothewe-t- 
wai'd.  wc  thought  it  must  lie  the  llashee  Island-,  which  lie  some  hundred 
mile>  to  the  >outliwaril  of  Formosa:  but 'on  sfaiidin<;'  in  we  loiind  it  to  Ite  the 
northern  end  id'  this  latter  island,  and  that  we  had  been  actually  c-irrii-d  dur- 
iiiii' this  time  liy  a  current,  ninety  miles  to  the  northwarii  a^ain-t  the  winil 
or  one  hundred  and  eiu'hty  mile-  to  the  northward  of  w  here  the  -hip  would, 
have  been  had  there  been  no  current,  and  near  li\c  hiiiidred  miles  to  t  he  north 
of  where  -he  won  Id  have  ticcn.  had  she  eontiniied  w  itliiii  the  inlhienee  of  the 
-outherly  current  of  the  Fonno-a  channel. 

After  det<'rminin;i'  our  position  on  the  chart,  we  stood  to  the  e;is|\\ard  tor 
the  Loo  Clioo  Islands,  running'  across  and  oiii  of  this  norlhei-ly  current. 

From  Loo  ( 'boo  our  course  was  nearly  due  north  to  Na^a-aki.  In  niakiii;.;' 
this  pa-saji'e.  we  found  tliat  weaiiaiii  crossed  the  northerly  ciiirent.  but  that 
there  it  was  ini'lininji'  a  ji'ood  deal  to  the  eastward:  and  we  ran  out  of  it  as  we 
passed  under  the  land  of  the  Jaiiaii  Islands,  .\fter  accomplishinj;'  the  object 
of  our  mis-ion.  wi'  ran  to  the  westward  fnmi  Nauasaki  to  Shan<;hai.  and 
thence  (low  11  the  l''ormosa  channel  I o  iioiii;'  Kono'.  carrying'  with  us  the  -trunjj' 


Is 


-(illil|rll\   '•UlTcllI  lld'circ  -piikni  III,    nllllnlllill  li\    llli-  I  illlr  I  he  linllhni-l    I  111  ml  I- 

-iMiii  liiid  lUiilrri.illy  ;il(;itc'il.     Ill  1  he  Inllow  inu'  -miiiiicr  I  he  I'li'lilc  w  ;i- nidni'il 
liiick  111  ( ':ilil'onii:i, 

Till'  niiinli^iM.li  llM'l  llli'li  rllinilii'il.  ;ll|il  \\\r  willil  W.I-  IVnni  -..lll  ll\\c-l .  ^■(•l 
we  IdlllMl  llli'  iMirri'llI  -(ill  -rtlill!^-  (|n\\  II  till'  l'( (rilli >-il  cllilllllfl.  illlil  nil  |);|.>ill<i 
1  lie  -Mill  ii  (llli  nf  I'lH'iiin-;!.  \vi'  :ii:;iiii  till  :il  ipip'"  into  till'  fiirrnil  -I'tliiiu'  to  t  lie 
iinrtliwiinl.  'ml  w  liii-li  \\r  fuiiiHl  ciirvi'il  ;;r;iiliuilly  lu  tlir  cii-t  Wiifil  w  itii  ii-.  ;i- 
wr  |nir-iiiil  niir  cniii-c  nil  till'  ,in-  I'lii  u'l'"':!'  <'iri'lt'  in  llifit  (lii'crtinn.  'I'lii- 
ciiiir-c.  ImwcMT.  \\r  wiTc  iilpli;:i'(|  I  <i  :ili:iii<|nii  iiliuiil  l;il.  ;!."i  di'ii'.  \.  Inii;:'.  1  l"> 
ilr^;'.  !■;.,  (iwinii-  I"  :i  iiiiiliun:!!!!  rpiilciiiir  tli:il  liml  limki'ii  nut  in  tlir  slii|),  siml 
wliicli   w  :i- :il;l:'I';i^  :'•'•'!  l',\   1  lie  Ihl;- .•iinl  iiii-l  -  I  lial  oM'iliiiii;:' I  lie  ciiri'dil . 

Till'  i'\|i<i'ii'iM'c'  (if  1  hi-  (  Tiii-i'  i-niiliniii'ih  111'  i\i-iriiii'  (if  I  w  (I  |)(i\\cr('iil  ciir- 
iciii-  w  liicli.  in  :i  lii'iH'i'.'il  \\.i\.  w  cic  Knnw  n  1(1  \  ('--il- ci'iii-inu' <ii'  li';Mliiiu"  in 
ili(i-c -cii-.  Mild  w  liidi  liiiil  lirtii  liiiclly  iHiiic'dliy  w  rilci'- niinii  t  lie -nlijccl  : 
liiil  in  wliMl  \\;iy.  if  ill  ;ill.  llii\  fdrnicd  ;i  p.iri  nf  I  lie  ijrci!  iic(;inii'.  <ii' iiilrr- 
(iccjinic  circnhii  idii.  \v  ,i-  inii  Kikiw  n.  :inil  I  licy  ciin-i'iincnl  ly  foi'incil  ;i  hew  11- 
dcriiiL:' -nliid-l  In  I  Ihi-c  v^  Im  li:id  in  cii'dnnicf  lliciii  :  |i;irli<-iil;irly.  .i- it    \\;i- 

;ll-ii    1<I|(I\\  II  I  li:il .    nnl>    :i    li'V^     mile-    in    lllc    -dill  liw  :iri|    (if  llic    -nlllll    end    l>\' 

i-'nnnn-;i.  1  lie  L;r<.il  i'i|n.ii(iri:il  ciirrcnl    iiniircdii-   iimncii-i' xdliiini'  inln  the 

<    llillll  S(';l.    .■|lnin-l     i/i,-rrf/)i  ii'     r'liih'  ini/jhs  I.,    Imtli  ../    I  liixi'  i'li  rn  n^S  j'l'^t  npi:kiii 

,,'.'  Anil  llli- illn-lnuiun  df  llicii'  cnii-iinii  il.iw  in  li\cd  niid  nppnsitc  diiTc- 
linii-.  rcuarilli'-- df  w  ind- nr  -m-dii-.  i  lirir  L;rr;il  \  ilni-ily  niid  llii'ir  in\I;i- 
im-itinii.  vM'i'i'  (llli  uhitrd  inninUi;!  -i  miiL;' ini|irr»-iiiii  npnn  llir  mind.  :inil 
-ci   it  In  w  nrk  In  Ii  ml  111  II  I  lirir  ni'iLiin  :inil  w  liii  Iht  I  licy  li'd. 

Sailinii' nuMin  fnr  <  liiii.i  iiml  .l.'i]i:in  in  _ls."i-J.  in  ilir  rxpiditinn  nndrr<'nni- 
lilndnrc  i'rrry.  I  ll:iil  ldlllin,-it'l.\  :i--ii^nril  td  inc  -m-ll  -lltiin-t-.  fur  -ciclllilir 
:iml  pni|(-<idn;il  in\r-iiL;;iiinii. :!  niMliIrd  nir  In  liiivc  -iirli  iii-trm-linii-  i-<n('d 
In  till'  varinii-  \c--rl-  of  t lir -(|iiMdriin  ;i-  wniild  iii-iirc  ilidr  Kccpinii'  \cry 
:ii-iin';il(' ;ind  full  mrlri'nlniiicul  rcciird-, 

Afh'i-  ntir  rein  I'll  In  t  lie  I  nilcd  Sintc-.  I  \\;i-  dcinilrd  in  :i— i-l  i.iiMii.  W.  I,. 
M;iiii-y  in  prcpiirc  fnr  piililiriilinn  the  ili:irl-  ;ind  -.lilinu'  dircrlinnxit'  llic  -iir- 
\cy-  imidi'  liy  llir  cxprdiiidii:  .•iih!  llir-r  ri'mrd-  wrrc  plmcd  in  my  Iniiid-  fnr 
till'  pnrpo-f  nf  lr;l<'ilfli'  nlll.  ;i-  ^\\V  ;i-  lin--ililc.  <  lie  Inralinll.  dilCi-l  inn  Mild  fnri-c 
df  till-  riirrcnt-  in  lliMt  part  df  llic  l'Mi-iti>'  Miid  miIimci'iiI  -cm-,  lyiiiii-  \\illiin  the 

r  I'll  i-i  111;'  il'l'dlind-  df  t  111'    -i|llMi|l'dM. 

Till' rr-nll  dfilii-  wmk  WM-llir  di-i'n\('ry  nf  ilir  ImcI  iIkiI  I lic-c  cin'rcnt - 
fni'iiH'd  M  pMi'l  i\^  till'  iii'iMi  -y-ii'iii  in  tlii'  I'Mcitic  idrntical  in  m11  il-  ('--ciiliMl 
li'M  I II  I'l'-  \\  il  li  I  liM  I  nf  till'  ri|iiMlnriM  I  I'll  I'l'cn  I.  <  in  If  SI  I'cMiii.  and  I'liiinlri'  ciirrcnl 
ill  I  lie  Allamii'.  a-  will  lie -ecu  liy  I'cfcrrinii' In  my  rcpni'i  mi  llic  •■  Kiim-Siw  n."' 
ill  llic  -ci'diid  \  illume  nf  I  lie  Japan  cxpcdil  inn  rc|)nrl. 

'I'lic  dc\cldpmcin  df  1  lic-c  lad -.  a- ihc  dala  were  iilaecd  in  asailalilc  liirni 
iipdii  llic  cliMi'l .  iTcali'd  im  -mall  dc:4'i'cc  of -nr)ii'i-c  and  u'l'al ilical imi:  and 
nail  I  rally  led  in  rclli'ciinii  and  iminiry  a-  In  w  here  \\\v>vf>Miiitcr  carri  nfs  nf  the 
(ill  If  Stream  and  Kum-Siw  n  had  theirdriuin.  and  Imw  far  llii'ir  compel  isat  in  u' 
inllucncc-  kepi  up  l  lie  cipiililninm  nf  the  water-  of  the  ocean.  Tlic  iirnmin- 
eiil  fcaltii'e-  nf  the  -nisjcct.a^  il  |irc-eiilcd  il-clf  to  the  mind,  were  very 
iiiMi'ked.  and.  a-  licfnrc  nli-ci'\cd.  \\  ere  identical  in  almo-i  all  I  heir  part  ■<  in 
Icilh  the  Allanlic  and  raiilic  <  >ieMn-. 


la 


llcic 

inmiiii'^' 

cm  I'liii 

Thai 
lindini:' 
llic    imr 
w  hc|c  il 

ihc  fn:\- 
the  I'ac 

-CM.  ha- 
eiid  111 
(.nif  SI 
Ihc  Km 
'gradual 
-iriictii 
pari      1 
ilnrnpi 
Ihc     c 
li'cnial 
rni'tim 
ward  ai 
liy  the 
The  ai'i 
cniir-c 
cunntei 
c\ce-« 
pa--a!j;'' 
Davi-  ^ 

hclwcc 
cdlintC 

at   I'x'h 

\^a1cl'l 

auain  < 

and  !'"< 

Kuril-; 

aliuii;' 

df  the 

(>ulf  ? 

lliiwin 

ward 

llic  m 

a-  -In 

'iiinei 

I'diilii 

Stale- 
Id  ihi 
Ui'iti- 
i-laiH 


Ill 


ii';i«i  iihiiiii- 

\\  :l<  nnlrlc'il 
llWr-l.     ^  Cl 

oil  li;i->iii<; 
tliun-  loihc 
Willi  II-.  .'I- 
lii'ii.     'I'lii- 

V.  Inn;:'.  I  i:, 
•  -liip.  :iiiil 

iiiTcni. 

wi'il'iil  ciir- 
lr,i(liii,n-  ill 

!'■  -iilijcct  : 
i<'.  or  iiilcr- 
K'i  ;i  licw  il- 

•  .1-  il  Wil- 
lllll     CIhI     III' 

MC   ililii    the 

I'lsl    SpdUIII 

•isitf    (lilTr- 

"■ir  jiiMii- 
iiiiiiil.   .'lllll 

imlrr  (  ipiii- 
'I'  -I'iriitilic 

lini|>  i-<||(.,| 

'i'|>in.li'   very 
i'-ni.   \\  .  I,. 

of    till'    -III'- 

V  li.'iinl-.  Inr 

II  .'lllll   Inl'Cf 

within  till' 

-I'  IIII'lTlll- 

I-  ('--.iMili.'il 
ti'f  nii'i'cni 

Ill'il-Siw  II."" 

I.ilili'  fiiriii 
'•'itiiiii:  Jill, I 

>■<  llfs   lift  ill' 

ijHMisjitiiii:' 

III'  lllDlllill- 

Wi'l'c    Vrl'V 

•if  |i;iit-  ill 


ill  re  WrlT  I  lie   t  W  i>  UTi'ill    ill  II  rill-   ill'   I  111'  W  i  nil  I,  i  illi'  ill  I'.'lill   i  if  I  ill- r.'lll-. 

Illllllill!.;'  til  I  III'  W  I'-l  U  .ll'il     ;lliillU  I  ill'     I'liiUMl  HI'.   ;il|il    klinWIl    il-llir    i'i|IIMl  iil'illl 
illl  irlll  -. 

'I'liiit  ill  till'  \tl:iiilii'.  iifli'i'  iiiii-llv  |>.'i>-iii^  iiilii  till'  (iiilf  111  .Mi'xiiii  .iihI 
liiiijiiiii-  till  lit  ill 'I'  lllll  li'l .  Ii;i-  it-  w  111  ill-  Mill  II  III'  liH'i'i'il  mil  ti)  t  111  r;i-t  wiifil  ill  mm 
liii'  iim'lli  -illl-  111  Ciili.i.  iiiilil  |i;i--iiiii-  111''  -miilii'i'ii  i'\t  ri'iiiil  y  uf  Klmiihi. 
wluTcil  i- ili'lliTti'il -li:ii'|i  111  till' iiml  liw.'ii'il.  ;ilmi;:  .'lllll  lllll  liir  ili-l:iiil  frmii 
till' cn.'i-t  of  I  ill'  I  iiiii'ij  St.iii-.  mill  fiiriiiiim- t  111' <  .iilf  Mrr.'iiii:  wliil-i  ilint  in 
I  111'  l';irilii'.  in  vii'^i'  l''i'''  |>.i  — inn  t  lirmi,iili  Illl'  ri'l\iii'-iMii  l-l.'inil-  ;iiiiM 'liiii;i 
-I'll.  Illl- il /r(,'//.  s/idriiKi  -w^  il  wi'i'r— tiifii  iilV  il-  iimllii'i'ii  -iilr  liy  llir  smith 
rml  of  rm"iii'i-.i.  which,  w  iiii  it- iiimiii'iil  inn  rmiili'ii-i'il.  i-  Ihinwii.  like  thr 
( inlf  Sirriiin.  w  il  li  iin'fi'.'Ki'il    \  I'lm-ily  -Imil    In  tlii'   iim'l  hwiiril   mihI  furininji' 

I  111'  Klll'n-Siwn.       Tlll'si'  t  Wii    rlllTi'llI-.    iilli'Villii'    riTl  ;iill  pliy-irill    i;i\\  <.    Iii'llil 

ui';iiln;ill,\  111  t  111' i';i-t  wjinl  ;i- t  lii'y  iiriicri'il  iinrl  li:  liiii  nii'i'tiii;;' w  it  h  Inriil  uli- 
-inirtimi- in  till- <'miiiiii'iit-  jiniji-liiiiil-  tli.it  Mr  in  ihrir  imth-.  iirr  in  ji-rciil 
|i.'irt  tiiiiiiil  111  till'  -iiiithwMi'il.  till'  mil'  .ilmi;;  liii'  wr-t  rnii-l  uf 
l'jii'i(|ir.  mill  thr  ntlni'  iiliinu'  thi'  wr-t  in.'i-i  iif  Ainrririi:  ;inirrim':iliii<;' 
till'  ciininti'-  uf  liipili  llii'-i'  l';ii'i'-  III  illl'  two  r.iiitinriit-  liy  tlii-ir 
U'l'iii.'il  w;iniil  il.  :iiiil  liii.'illy  fiiiliiiit' niiiiiii  intn  tin-  runi-iit-  nl  tlii'  I'liiiniiiir. 
rm'limi-  uf  111  It  h  uf  tiii'-i'  -I  rr.'iiii-.  iinwi'MT.  imr-iii'  thi'irriiiii'-i'-  tu  liu'  iinrth- 
wiiiil  ami  i'.'i<lw:ii'i|  into  thr  Ari'tir  iirraii:  th.'it  frmiithr  <  inlf  Slri'inn  ^oiiiu' 
liy  till'  way  of  .S|iitzlii'i'i;i'n.  .'inii  I  hat  from  tlii' Kiiro-Siwo  hy  l>i'hriiin"sSti'ait-. 
I'lii'  arri  nil  Illation  of  w  at  rf  a  1  mi  1 1  the  I'olr.  I'rmii  tlii'-r  t  w  o  >ill'-liooi  -.  miisi  ui' 
lonr-i'  lia\i'  an  mil li't  -mni'w  lirri':  ami  it  i-  lirrr  that  wr  Iiml  t  In- miuin  of  t In- 
riiiinti'i'-riiri'rnt-  ill  i|iii'-tioii— in  thr  hy|iri-lim'i'aii  riirrriit-  tliai  ilraiii  oil'  thi- 
i\«i'--;  ofwati'f  aiimil  thr  I'olr.  'I'hr  lii'-t.  limlin.u'  in  it<  w.iy  tlirmiiih  tin- 
|ia--,'iiii'-;  ami  rhaiinrl-  li'aiiini,^  I'fmii  thr  Antic  Orran  into  nalfni  Hay  ami 
I)a\  i- St  rail-,  run- tlii'iicr  ilown  tln'coa-t  of  Lahrailor.  ami  wi'iluc-  it<i'!fiii 
hi'twi'iii  till'  <  iiilf  .Sti'cam  ami  tiir  i-oa-t  of  thr  Inilril  .s<t.iti'-.  niaUiiiy  tlu' 
1  iiiiiitii'-ciirnnt  to  llu'Ciiill'Sti'i'aiii.  'I'hi'-rioml.  Iiml  inn' lint  a  nairow  |ia--a,!ii' 
at  r>i'lii'iii;.:"-  St  rail-,  i-.  hy  il'^  ii'i-catfr  sjii'i'ilic  ;:-i'a\ity.  forccil  iimli'r  I  he  warm 
waiii'tiowiim-  lo  till'  noi'l  h  llii'oii<>h  Ihrsi'  Strain,  ami  r»'.'i|i|ii'ar-  at  the  -iirfacc 
aii.iiii  on  Illl'  co,'i-i  of  l\am-cliatka.  ami  pa— c-  thcni'i'  liowii  ilii'..lapan  -ra 
ami  l'"ormii-.i  I'liamu.'l  into  tin- <  jiina -ci.  forminu' the  connH'i'-ciirrt'nt  to  thi' 
Kni'o-Siwo.  'I'liiTi' i-  al-o  a  tliinl  cnrri'iil.  which  How-  to  ilic  -milhwaril 
aloni;' till' ca-t  coa-l  of  ( iri'i'iilaml.  ami  wliicli  licar- in  it- cmhraci'- t  he  lai',L;i'-t 
of  Illl'  iccliri'n-  tliat  arc -('I'll  in  thcXorlh  .\l  laiilic  ami  which  iimlcrriiii- the 
(■iilf  SI  ream  a-  tlie  latter  cro--e-  the  Atlaiilic  'I'lie  Spit /lierj.''en  ciirreiil. 
tliiwinu'  to  the  nm'iliwai'il  ami  ea-lwaril,  with  .in  open  -ea  far  to  the  iim'tli- 
wai'il  of  the  While  -e.i.  ha-  lieen  exploreil  hy  early  navi.iialor-:  whil-i  that  to 
I  lie  norlhwaril  ami  ea-t  wanl  of  IJeliriii;^"^  Strait-  i-  known  tomir  whaler-, 
a-  -how  II  li\'  the  -laleiiieiit-  of  the  capl.iin  of  one  of  them,  w  limn  1  lia\enien- 
1  imieij  a- ha\  in;:' met  at  the  Sanilwidi  1-laml-.  ami  w  liich  wa- -iili-eipieiitly 
cmilirnieil  In  the  explmalioii-  of  <  mnmamler  .lolin  IJouer-.  of  the  1  niteil 
Stale-  Nmili  r.'icilic  Kxplorinii' exiieilitioii.  in  l^.'il.  ami  Is.'i.'i.  m  ho  iienetrateil 
1,1  ilie  nmlli  III  r>ehrin;i"- Sir;iit- in  -eardi  of  llei'alili-laiiil— reporleil  hy  a 
I'.iili-li  ollicer.i-  iyin.n'  to  the  iiorthwani  ami  we-lwanl  of  iho-e  Strait-.  'I'lie 
i-lainl  \\  a-  mil   Imiml.   Inil    an    ic\   h.-irriei' w  a-  encminlereil   in   liial    ilireetimi 


•_'(» 


I  N.    \\  .  i:  hill    ,1-  I'iir  .I'  lie  Wflll  In  IHtl'lllWMIil  Jlllil  (•.•l«l  U  illll  lirV I  ill.'  Sllilil-. 

Ill'  iMliiI'lllril  IIH'.  Ill'  /""'  "/'  ('/"/'  sill,  iri  III  ii  fiiri'riil  ihnriiiii  lu  I  In'  )'Airflnriiril  mul 
riisfiriiril.  uml  irilh  ii  trin/i'r'ifi'rr  nt  flu  irii/rr  i.inrli  iihnrr  tliiil  ilur  tntlir  liititiii/i\ 
\(>\V.  W  llrll  We  I' \.l  I  nil  II'  till'  I'lli'i'l  of  llu'-r  illl'l'i'lll  »    M|»iill  till'   frilli:ill'>  i>t  tlic 

I'l-yioii' i>l'  I  In  I'liilli  n\ir;iiiil  in':ir  wliidi  lli"v  |iii>«.  iiiiil  cniiiiiiin'  llii'  one 
Willi  till' olliiT.  \\i' liinl  lli;it  j.i-^li.tii.  \v  iili  till' ycliiill  rliliiiilt'  of  IN'llsariil.'i.  i- 
ill  till' -Mini' hi'itmli' :i-  riiil.'iili'l|ilii;i:  :iiiil  I.uihIdii.  w  itii  tlir  I'liiiiiitr  of  N'ni'- 
l.ilk.  i-  ill  till'  iM'itiiili'iif.-iJili'iiri'i'-  iinrlli-  w  liil-t  (lir  -.iiiin'  iii.iiKt'tl  i-otliriiiini 

ilitV.'ri'llii'  rlllirili'Irri/.r-  lllr  ii|)l(i)-ilr  -linfi'-  iillllr  Nnl'lll  I'lU'IHc:  llli'  Iclll- 
lirlMllU'r-  111'  Klll'nlti'  ;lllii     I  111-  \M'-I   mil -I     nf  A  lllrfii'.'l    licill^i'  niiM'll    l»y  I  lie  ill- 

lliii'iii'''  III'  lIu'  sviinii  wiiiri-  I'l  till'  (iiiir  Siri'Miii  ;iiiil  i\iirii-Si  .'■  t',i'iil(u\r  tlial 
il'ii' 1(1  llii- hniliiili'.  ;iiiil  111.'  i':i-l  r  iM-!- i>r  till'  I  iiili'il  S'  '  -  Mil  Vsia  lii'iii;;- 
i-.iri'r«|ii):Mlilli:l,\  ilr|(li'--ril  liy  till'  ll\  |irrhiil'r,lll  I'liri'i  it»  'I;  ,\i!irii  (Im'V  jirr 
\\a«lii'il. 

S  1  imii;'  ;i  -  I  Ik'-i' I'lii'i'i'iil-  n.' >trraiii-  air  /;•.,////(■</ u;  l.,"iii,'i|  in  lln' Di'caii. 
llii'V  railiati' ni' ililVii-r  liiii  111  i  Ir  liral  lif  mnl  Miinwn  lini't-.  a>  «liu\vii  l>v 
till'  Ilii'iiiiDiiii'trir  iliaLiraiii-  arrniiipaiiv  ii;._  iii>  ii'|iui't-  on  tin-  Kiii'o-Siw  o. 
|:iil\i(l.  .Ia;)aii  I'A.  IJi'|iiiii^.|  wlinrii  w  ill  Im- «('cii  lli.it  ilif  i-liaiiji'i- in  liutli 
wali'i' ami  air  i-  alini|il  upon  I'liti'i'iii;:' or  Irasiiiy  llir  >li'('aiii:  and  also,  in  a 
III. Ill'  laniiliar  anil  -Irikiii;;  iiiamifr.  In  a  j;i'iirral  roiiiparison  of  llit-ir  rlli'i'l^ 
upon  till'  I'  )iiliiii'iif»:  for  \\r  liiul  ilial  iiritlii'i-  tin'  (iiilfSl  rram  nor  Kiiro-Siw  o 
i\i'ri'i-r  any  appiriiahli' aiiii'lioratiiijirlli'il  upon  tlir  rliinati'  of  tlic  I'liilcil 
Niati-  anil  I'a-i  fair  ot  A^ia.  altlioiijjii  tlii'»i'  rnrrriit*  lii-  liiil  a  -liort  distiiin'i' 
oil' llii' r!>a-t<:  Illll  a-  -non  a-  llicy  iinpiniii'  upon  anil  wa-li  llic  slinri's  of 
Kiii'opi'anii  Orruoii  ami  California,  tliry  '/wf  out  lii'at  i  noiiu'li  to  clian.iit'  tiir 
rlimati'  of  lialf  of  Imili  Hh'  r  mtini'iil-:  w  hi  1-1  tlir  roiil  riiircnt-  hriii<;'iii;;llii'ir 
fii'.vi'l  I  rill  pi 'rat  nil'  from  i  hr  Ai  rt  ir  oi'raii.  ami  intrivi'iiin.!;  hi't  wren  the  (in  If 
Si  ri-aiii  ami  llir  rnitril  Stair- ill  the  oiii' rasr.  ami  tlir  I\iiro-Si\\o  and  A>ia 
in  t h'  oi her.  i;i\ I'  I'liniatir  ri'.iiii'  to  tlir  rua^l  -  tliry   wa-li. 

Now  .  -im-i'  llii'M'  -iri'aiii-  po-.-i'--  -urli  a  woiidfrfiil  jiowcrof  rt'tainiiiu'  tlirir 
hral .  -o  ImiL;'  a-  I  liry  ili'i  not  loin-li  ilir  iaml.  a-  to  raisr  tlic  rliiiiatii'  tcinpi'ra- 
luri'  :1M  or  lit  ili';.;ri'i'-  o\i'r  half  a  r mliiii'iit  lyiiiji  ri;ilit  tlioii>aiid  iiiilrs  di-- 
laiii  Irom  tlir  poiiiI<  in  tin'  'I'ropir-  from  wliriirctlu'V  sprini>'.  and  from  wliicli 
ilii'y  ili'i'ivi'  tlirir  lii'at .  it  dor-  not  srcni  unrra<oiiahl»' to  hi'licvr  that  tlio-r 
pii'lioii-  of  till'  -ti'rani-  v.hii'h  piir-iu'  tln'ir  ('oiir>('-i  diri'rt  into  tlii'  Ai'i'tir 
(liraii.  rirry  willi  ilii'in  \\arinlh  i'noui;li  Jiiot  only  (to  dissohi'  tlu'  irr  tin  \- 
rm'oiiutrr.  and  kri'p  their  pathways  opni  all  throu^li  tlir  year,  hiit  also,  m 
rai-i'  till'  triiiprraturi'  pi"  >  'iHiily  aliovr  tlir  fri'c/.iiiii;'  iioint  of  a  lai'ii'c  arr;i  of 
till'  -,'a  around  till'  I'olr.  an  I  '  i"  -  nri'Vi'iil  tlii--  "vircnii'.y  of  tlir  rartli  hn  m- 
ini;  lurlvi'd  ill  rli'i'iial  if  .i       .         .•di'iii'd.  ,  .  ^ii'  lapse  of  a;4('s.  with  the  ar- 

i-:iiiiulatioii-  of  -now  ,.:  •  jjitati'd  from  the  winds,  loaded  with  inoistiire 
lakiii  up  hy  e\apiiratii»ii.  and  earried  Iheiiee  from  more  southern  and  v\arnier 
ri'i«ioiis  ot'tlie  earth's  snrfaee.  lam  of  the  oiiinion  thai  the  open  sea  -eeii  h\- 
l>r.  Kane's  expedition  in  .s;l  deo-.  north  latilmle.  with  a  teinpi'raltirc  ol' tlu" 
water  of  ;ii'i  di'U'.  iwhil-i  a  hundred  and  twenty  miles  to  the  south  the 
tliermometer  was  (111  dei;'.  hejow    /ero).   wa-  the   s(,niliei'ii  shore  of  tlii-  i..„.n 

vra    thai    I   s||i,|ii>-e  111  exist   aliolll    the  Tole. 

[»r.    Kane  e.illed  al    my  oMire  in    New    ^ Hrk  after  his   i-cmhii   from   ihisex- 


i 


pi'diti'il 

1  i-ii'j;'ii' 
exi-tem 

lael     1" 
llie  pi 
lieill.U    1' 
Siliei' 

in;:'  11  ee 
I'.oiid  -t 

,11  ••  i: 

rate-  Ih 

peiid  it 

idea- 

indor-e 
IVoiii  n 
uier  for 
it  slie  i 
pa-.  -1 
fur  any 

111  !•" 

-iiierali 
end  :  ' 
I'l'ovid 
ealami 
-iiliuio 
lelllioll 
Will 
viiiiur 


1*.  - 

w.r.aii 


l>i. 

liuii. 
^iicie 

I'll 

I'.iUti 

I  \' 

iiaiie 


|i  lli«'  Sir.iiN. 

••fli Irani  niiil 

•III'-  hililiu/r. 

Im.itcs  i.j  til,. 


.•lie    I  lie 


oiir 


""^ilfolii.  j. 


i«orl 


r  \ 


ur- 

D'l'lll.'ll 


the    I 


(•Mi- 


ll   I'.V  I  lie  ill- 
ill. ovcllijil 

xiii  lii>iii(>' 


(ll.-V 


illr 


i  tile  (iccjiii, 
'»  ~IU)\\I1  hy 
Klim-Siuo. 
iiiic  ill  liiitli 
•I  iilsd.  ill  ii 

llli'ii-  cffi.c!-. 
Kiii-u-Siw,, 

'  ilic  I'liitcd 

"'II  (iislillirc 
IC  sjiolrs  (il 
'    fllilliu).  til,. 

■iii;>-iii;>tli(.ir 
I'll  tlic  (;ii||' 

'•    .111(1    .\-i;i 

•■liiiiiii;'  llicir 
i<'  I('iii|i(t;i- 
1  iiiiic-.(ii<- 
fioiii  w  liich 

tll.'lt    tlKxc 

tlic  An-tic 
H'  i<c  til.  \ 
•  lit  aisd  M. 
I'.ii'''  ;irc;i  ui' 
•111  he,,, III. 
itii  the  ar- 
iiK'i-tiirc 

ml  VNJIMIKT 
<*•'•    -<'<'ll  liy 

lire  oltiic 
•^oiKll    tlic 

(111-  <M.,.II 
1   ilii-  fv- 


I 


21 

jii'ililiiiii  ill  !*>.')';.  \\  lii'ii  I  liail  jii^l  tiiii>lii'i|  iii\  wm'k  nii  llh  Imiiu  ^iwu.  ai;il 
I  ..i|Mry',.-iiM|  to  iiiiii  thai  the  tipi'ii  ^la  <li»(i»\(  red  l»y  him  uii..|  liki|\  ,>\\iil  it« 
(•\i«ii'ii'  I  '  ihc  <iiiir  Sinaiii  ami  Kiiro-Siuo.  Hi' ^ri-imil  iiM|ii'  -x-ijliy  ihr 
(art  '  )>rt'>i'iili-<l  ti>  iiiiii.  ami  ill  his  iiiirratiM-,  Mil,  I.  |>.  ;tll!i.  w  tt«  ii  >li<iMi-»iii;r 
the  jiii  'i:il)l»'  can-i  ■  I'  this  o) it'll  sea.  \\v  ii<»l  only  nlmii  -  liir  )i.>«»ifiilil\  nl'-iirh 
ln'iiijf  till- case,  hut  spcaiv*  "tit  ;is  Iwiiiy  allu^rdhci  likc|\  . 

Siiiic  writiii'^   tlic  t'orcyoiii!;.    I  Ium*'.  !>>' a  »iiij,nilai  'oinciiliiicc.   ihi^  mnin- 
iiin' II  icivcil  il  I"  I  i<>iii''.il  iV'im   M<'>»rs.   Ii'i'lianlxm  »^    Co..   |iiiiili>l)ci».   \u.  I 
I'.iiml -trcct .   Nc«   ^inU.    w  iiii'li  i">Mtaiii»  an  ailii  lc  hy  .M.  I'.    Maiiiv  .  I.I,.  |>.. 
Ill  •  •  i;ii«-iaii  Ami'iii-ii— il<  I'liy^ical  (Icnyfraiiliy."  thai    -k  <lrniiy|         rr..lMi- 
ralc- till' liToiimi-wnrk  of  my  hyiim  lic»i-;.   that  I  caiimit  do  hctd-i't  liin      >  ap- 
pend il  entire  a-;  a    part  of  lhi<  ri'iiimiiiiicai  loii.   lecliiie-  tliat  my  own       nde 
idea«.  -oiiiilid'ci-eiitiy  expressed,  only  hori-nw  a  character,  from  i  lii-  ai  ejil.  ,  i;d 
indoi-eiiieiil .   tliat    Iliey  would  not   lia\.    otiicrui-e   p(.>»e«-.'d.      |     •ani  a 
I'loni  new -papci' leleuram  I   tiiat  a    pri\ate  yai-lii  >ailed  durin;ir  the  |   .-i  >iini 
iinr  forllic  I'oli'.  hy  tin-  way  of  Spit/I(cr;;'en.     Sl:e  i»  on  ilie  iij:lii  tr.i         aiii 
il  »lic  is  a  >teami-r.  ami  follow  «  till' water  tlierniometcr   rallic:  Mian  i       lom- 
pa»«.  -he  will  iiio-t  likely  accninpli-li  lierolijeit :  ami  her  rctiir    may  hi       it-.ed 
fur  aii,\  liay  this  inoiith  or  next. 

Ill  iomlii»iwii.  I  lia\('  merely  lo  -ay:  i    iii\  tll^■o|•y  pr.)\e-  imworih*   'hi  ■      ;- 
-iiieratioii  of  yoiir  learned  assoriation.  \\\\    .  ilici'i-  the  mailer  will  iiiosi  pi,,    , 
I'lid  :  liul  if  it  is  correct,  then  I  iiope  m     hiimldc  sn<i;iestioiis  may.  in  • 
rio\idcii<'c.    he   the  mean-   of  avcriiitir  i  he  recurrence  of  -omc  of  tl  ' 

cilamities  thai  have  attended   former  eXjn   iition-.  and  pciiiap^  facilii.ii, 
-ojiiiion  ot'  the  ureat  ucojirapliica!  prohleii    which  has  si,  |ui|u- occupied  tin-    •- 
icnlioii  of  men  ot'  science. 

Willi  renewed  as-iirauc  •-  of  the  inialf'     ■■  1  ditlldcnce  \\  iih    w  liidi   I   h. 
Miitiired  to  write  yon  on  this  snhject.    1  am.  very  respectfully. 

'I'oiir  ohciliciil    -c  \  ml. 

"slI-\S   I'.KNT. 

1*.  ■-.— 1  -end  al-o  a  -keicioii   charl   of  the    \oi-ilieni  hemi-phcic.  with  ih. 
w.r'iii  ciirrcnl-  irac'il  in  red,   and  the  c  'Id  cm  rcnl-  in   hliic. 

Ml;.   i>Ai.>  '-  i;i:i'i     . 
[Copy.] 

AmI.IJK  AN    (ii:oi,l!Al'|l    I  AI,    A  M)   Si  A  I  Is  IK    \|.      I 

SociKiv.  Ni:w      oi;k.  Oct.  s.    fscs.         , 
l>i  \i;  Sii;:    -\  licii' leave  In  acknowledge  ihi        ccipt    of  your  ciinmnuic.i- 

tnMi.     I  have  read  il  with  a  i^rcar  deal  of  ii  icre-      and  will  place  ji  hcfi.rc  tjic 

>'icie!\  ;ii  I  he  cailicsi  po>-iliic  Opportunity. 

Till'  yachi  to  w  liicli  yoii  retcr.  that  atti'inplcd  1 1  '•  pa--aL;i'  liy  1  licSpii/licr!.;cu 

loiiie.  has  returned  to  lieriieu.  hui  we  arc  not  ad   ised  of  ilic  cau-c 

I  will  sec  that    you  are  dnl>'    ad\i-cd    nf  the  o|  'iiion  c\p!-cs<,.(|   npuu   \,iui' 

paper. 


\  cr\  iriih    \onr-. 


(HAS.    I'.    liAI.V 


>ll    V^    1>KM 


'■>•) 


i>ii.i;i>-i'i\      I  MM  \  1 1<     IM  M  I  \<  1    <ii'  I         \s   I  I  i;i;i\  I  -. 

l-;i|c-')m-:i;;-c(l   l.\     I  hi  ■   \  rry   polil  c  nulc,     l~clll    Mr.    I';ll\     linntliiT  (•(i|Mliiinii<-;i- 
tiiiii.  w  hicli  1  w  ill  I'linl  mIIit  .i  -Imrl  iliuic^-inii. 

Il  \  nil  w  ill  li;i|-i|iili  I  hr  ililcrnililiiill.  I  W  ill  heir  >;iy  llllll  W  l.cllcdlili  iii|il;ilin  .; 
l!li»  iliarl.  Willi  .-ill  lllr^c  L;|-cat  iill'l-c;it  -  nl'  thr  driMli  III.mIc  ilppMl'I'm  Iiilllc 
ryr  ;il  one  U'IiHUm'.  iiihI  rccnlliii;^-  |ii  niiml  llic  I'liiii.ilr-.  ;|-  I  ll,i\f  ('\  |iiTic'llrc(  I 
I  lli'lil.  ill  ;illiiii-l  I'MTV  |iiirli(ill  lit'  the  i-;irlll  linlMlcrilly'  ll|Mi|l  till'  OrcJlll-  lie 
I  Wei -11  till-  Litil  l|i|r«  111'  <''n  ilri^-.  I  M  Hi  ll  II  IM  I  -nlllil.  1  r.Mlllint  lli\  r>t  IIIV  »rl  t'(  if  1  III' 
i'nii\  ii'limi  llllll  III  I  r:.'inl  I'n-^  sn  sitau  hil  il,  r' '■'  i  In  i  r  i-!  •  ■iinf'n-  i-lt<i  riifli  r — wlini- 
('\rr  1 1  lilt  iliU'cl  -  I'l'dlll  W  hill  i-  illli'  In  ihr  Iill  jl  mil' — .  /////■'  ///  h-i'iK  tie-  ••<■<  (11/  ciir- 
rrnt"  fli'if  .fiisli  f/,i''-r:,'is/.i.  mnl  ,,•■'  at  all  'i''fi,i  */(".•.'  ir/,ir/i,  //,.,'i'i//  ih,,r'i  ml  ni  'i  r 
fill  III.  ilo  II ">  1 1.11  <■  I.  till  ir  ■•-I'l'iri  s.  'I'll  -111 v\\  ynii  thr  L;rnill:il-  il|iii|l  w  liii'll  1  hil-i' 
llli^   rillll-lu-im,.    I     will     nrl||iy    ymu'   iill.nlinli     Inr    II     liw     llliililrlil  -     wliil-l     I 

I'liiirin  111' I II  lii\   I  liriii  lirlni'i' ynii.      Wi'will   -lull  wiili    w  imt  i-  kiiii\\iiii<  thr 

lluillliniill  rlirii'lll.  uhi'-h.  riilllillU'  Irnlll  lllr  A  i  It  II  I'rl  ii'  nri-llll.  llllll  |iiis-ihly 
-|iiitlillU'  nil  (    11 1  PI'   I  lull  I.   Iliiw  -   W  il  h   il-  ;jl'i:ili'-l   \  111  II  lllr  III  1  III'  111  illllU  II  n  I  II  lull  i: 

I  III'  w  hull'  w  1'- 1  I -I  III -I  111'  Siiiii  li   Aiiii'ririi .      'I'lir  i-liiiiiiii'  I  lii-ri'  i-  cnnl.  him  I  h- 

\iill   IllllU'iilirh   1  III'   MilUlllnr  I  111'  li'llllirrill  lll'i'  i-"^0' ItlNi-ll    iii-lnw     Wllill    i-    illlr    In 

till'  liiiii  mil',  llllll  111  I.iiiiii.iii  Il'iIi'u'.    -miih   liii  ii  mli'.    w  nnlrii  rlni  liini:- i-  nr- 

rr--liry  I'lir  i-nllirnl'l  1 1 II  I'illi;'  -I'M'l'H  I  1  111  lilt  h  -  nl'  1  hr  \i '111',  llllll  1  III'  III 'III  i-  lir\  r|- 
n|i]il'c--i\  I'.  Till'  I'liliiiiinii  lirlii-l'  i-  I  hill  I  hi-  i-  n\\  illU'  In  I  III'  rlii-r  pi'nxi  mil  \ 
nt  tllrAlnli-l  lull  .  II-  liki'  1-llll-c-  lU'nillli'i'  llKr  rll'i'il-.  i  f  1 1  li  -  W  cl'r  tllt'ill-i' 
till'  ^icl'l'll   N'i'MI'lll.    W  hirh     lir-  lllllin-l    ll-   IK'III'  I  n   1  lu'    i^ll-l-    nf  Clllirnl'llill    lllnl 

Mcxii-ii  II-  1  hr  Amli'-  iln  III  I  hii-i'  n|'  Chili  iiinl  I'itii.   w  niihl  uiv  r   -i  mi  Inr  mnl 

I'liuilli'-    1  II  I  ll   i-i'  r  I'lll!  ric-  :    111'     llli-    lllry    ill    lliii    pn--r--.     I'nl'     nil     \\\f    rnli- 

liiiry  llii'V  iiiivi'  wiiriii  i-liiimli'-.  ilrriM'il.  n-  lii'Iiirr     intnl.  rrnni    ihr  inlliU'iin' 

I  if  1  he  i\lirn->i\\  II,     Till'  Klirii->i\\  n.  rmui  llil\illi:'  ill 'I'll    ill  rnlil  iirl   W  ilh  I  lir  In  nil 

ill  lilu'li  liilil  mil'-,  w  liii'li  rnliliril  ii  In  i'!\  nf  il  -  wnriiil  li,  I'l'iirlir-  llii'  i'i|iiiiliii'iiil 
licit  w  itii  II  i-i)iii|iiiriil  i\<'ly  Inw   iiiii|icriil  iin  .  Iml  -till  iini   -n  inu  n-  i  hni  nf  i  hr 

I I  llllll  mil  It  I'lirrriil  t'l'niii  I  hi' Siiii  h  :  rnn-n  |i  ii')i:  1\  w  !■  lihil  I  ill'  .'^iimlw  irli  I -111  ml-, 
ill  "JJ  ili'U'.  iini'l  ll  liilil  ihlr.  Willi  \i-ry  1  It'll rly  llir  -nine  rliiimt  i'  ii-  1  hr  Miiri|iir-ii- 

L:'rnll|i.  lyilio-  nlily  ti'li  ili'i^'l'iT-  -i  il  It  ll  n|'  I  hr  n  |llill  n!'  I,nl  ll  lirilii;-  W  it  hill  till' 
illllllrilillti'   ri'U'inli   nf  I'lilllllH'lH'C  nf   1  lli'-i'   I  W  n    -ll'i'illll-.     wlliTi'    lllry     tnl'lll    till' 

u'l'i'iil  ri|;iiitni'i;i|  iMirri'Ml  nl'  1  hr  rni'ilir  :  mill  1  hi -I-  I -111  ml  -  -in  ml  iinriv  iilnl  in 
1 1  It 'if  ilt'li;^litfiil  I'iiiiiiilf-  liy  iiiiv   nl  hrr  -pni  -  mi  i  hr  fiii'i  li "  -  -iirlin  r.      \\  r  will 

nnW    -till'!    Wf-t    W  it  ll   I  III'  II I  lint  ni-i;||   rl|;'|;'llt  .   I  he   W  lit  fl'-  nf   w  hirh  HIT    Iml    jll^l 

lii'niiulit   nmli'i' 1  III' tlirt'i'I  rii\-   nf  tlir  -iin.    imMiwhii-li    tln'\   .iinliinif    in  '/ ■- 


iiiliili    hi'lll    -n   ln||'_;'  ;!-   I  hry   rnirii  11    W  il  hill     t  111'  1  I'lijiir- . 


\i  I   I    Ml    1    \  I  I  \  I      III    \  I  . 


\\  f  iMlnr   li|--l    In   1  lir    I  ,;|ilrn||l'    l-liinil-.    W  ll  irl  I    llll  \  I  ■  II     llll|i-|l     \\  II  I'l  III 'I'  r  I  i  1 1 IIII  I 
thilli  t  III'  I  \\  II  L;rnl||i-  Jll-l    -pnlM'll  nt'  :     tilt '11    I  n  I  lit'    1  Ml  i  1  i  ppl  I  It     I  -  1 II 1  H  1 -,   W  llt'l'l'   I  111 

ln'iit  '"  .piili' iippri'--i\  r  i\  I'll  ill    w  iniir.  Iml    vvliiih   iiii'ii'ii-.i--  in    lir\nr  ii-   wi 


ri'in-h  .Miilii.'fii      i- ;il|  .'iiilnw   in  I  inlin.  nml  I 


ii'i'iiiiif-  -1  itliiiL;'  mil-    ml  I'li-ii  \'  II- 


1  111 '-I'  w  iiifi'-.  iitli'i'  I  rnvi'liiiL;'  lifli'i'ii  tlinn-nml  iiiili-.  nml  In 'in  u'  full)  1  lirif  hiiii- 
tlrcil   ilii\-  iimlt'i'  n  vi-rlii-iil    -tin.    ni-f    ihrnwn  iiLMiin-t    llif    nn-lt'i'ii   -Imrf-    nt' 

Alfim.        I  111'   till-   tlll'l't'lll    i-   I  It 'tit  ft  I'll    In    1  hr  -mil  hw  ;inl   in    l  hr  (    lllir   I  if   (  ninil 


IIm]pc.    trnlil   wllilici'  it    -Lirl-   Willi  il-  lilirilcn    n\    'iciil    [n    l^n  p 


'I' 


|lllllllniic;i- 


II. 


ni!i|;iii 

Irlil    II,  III,. 
f|"-l'ii'l|rc(| 
■•■.■III-    l,(. 
t'nf  III,. 

!'■ — \\  licii- 

■i-i  ail  nil-. 

"ij  it<nr 

|i'-||   I   li,l-c 

\\lliNl     I 

Ml  ;i<  III,. 

.■IMl;il,,||o- 
'.  ;iiii|  ,i> 

i-    llllc    II, 

llli'  i-  nr- 
i~  IICMT 
'"\illlil  y 

Illl'    Cl^,. 

"■Ilia  aiiil 
lil.ir  CI,,,! 

fill'    ruii- 

iiilliinir,. 
I  III!'  laii.l 
'|iiainri;il 

al    (iCllir 

l-laiKl-. 

:n'((l|r>;|, 
Mllll  tlir 
'Mil  llir 
\aliM|  ill 
\\i'  V\ill 

Imii  Jiivi 
1(1  ,/,-- 


lllllair 
I'l'f   (he 

a-   \\|. 
-iiy  ;i- 

•'■  lllll;- 

l|'l'-       !,(■ 
ClIIKJ 


icrii 


,lll    I  111'  Sulllh    I'mIi'.       It    (|i,i'-    111,1     ijolllili' I'lMim!    I  lli~  (    ;i|ir    ;i||il     flow    In    llir 

rlliwiiril  oil  till'  \\r~i  coa-t  nl    AlriiM.  a-  ~l;ili  i|  li\'  l»r.  Ilayc>.    in    lii-  |i;i|icr 

l|l\   1T;hI  lii-rnl'c  I  lir(  .ru;^r;i))llii-;i|  Sncii't\  (ifNcVS    N  n|-k.  ;ilii  I  ii|  \v  lljcli  1  -li;i  1 1 


li;i\  r  (ii-i-:i-i(Jii  III  ~iii-.ik  auaiii  |irr-iiii  ly.--;ilt  1i(iiil;'Ii  t  Ih'i-c  i-  ,-i  nirrriil  ilirrc  riin- 


iiiu   III 


I  li;it  iliiTci  inn.  I'lir  >ir  .lame-  I  In--,  in    IM-J.  di-rnv  irnl  ilmi  t 


li-c  W  rri' 


I  \\n  (li-t  ilH-l    cHITrlll  -  :    lliili     111    t  llr    IM-I    111'  I  lie  ( '.Illl..    llnw  i  li;;'-i  ,u|  ||.   hri  nii    a 
lint    (liri'i'llt    iVnlll   till-  tinpir-.    ,■!-  Ju-l    i  |r~r|ilii-i  I .    wlliUl    lli;il    In  ill.'   \Vi-|   iiltlir 

<  :i|ir  llnw  iii:^'  iinrili  i-  iM'iilil  A  iil  ani  ic  iiiriTiii  :  ami  i  hi-  ha-   hi  m  rnmirnird 


i\    nmri'  n'l'i 


111    nli-.i'r\;u  imi-.    lakni    al    ijir   in-ii^arhin   nT  Aihiiiral    Man 


r\ : 


11      In  iii\-  lllinij 


h\-   Illl'  marl 


.I'll    illlliiTiicc     nt'  rlinialr    rn|l||i|     ni:     I  I 


r 


■-I    iiia-I  .  rnlll|iarril  W  illl  I  h'll    wi'havi'    jn-l     Irll   nn    tlli'  ra-I     -iili'  nf    M'rira. 

li-  I'niar  riirrriii  rnniiniif-  nnrih  nulil  rrachiiiu'  lln'  'i'nrriil  Zni.f  ami 
iiirrl  iiii;'  III!'  ii'IliiN  III  illl'  (iiiir  Sin-iiii.  w  lii'ii  illl'  I  w  n  nniliii'.j'.  Imni  llir 
iijiial  ni'ial  liii'i  I'liI  nl'  1  III'  .\  I  laiil  il  .      I  Hi  (  hail  I II.  in  hi-  w  mlv  mi  .\  iVii  ;i .  'ji\  r- 

I  hr   lllrall   Ii'lllprl'.'lllin'  ill     lalillllli'l    ilrLlIri'    iSH    -1111111.    trnlil     (  >i'I  nl  ii  T  I  n  .1 11  nr. 

anil  rnil'i'ai'iliL;'  ihi'  w  arnn-l  part  nl'  1  hr  \  rar.  a-  77  -li  ;j!'i'i 1  lir  lii;:lii'-t  rani;'"' 

1,1'inL;'  .^-^  ili'i:rri'-.  ami   llm   Inwc-t   m;  ili'i^nr-.     'I'lir h-iTV  al  imi- rMi'inlril 

li'iiiii  I  111'  cna-t  I  v.  n  'fUu1i>';iiiiJ  inilr-    inlaiiil.      Thi-  ilianninu'  i-linialr.  ilirn-i  l\ 

lillilrr  1  111'  i'JjIlalnl'.  i-.   I   .•nil  -ali-liri|.  n\\  illl;-  In  1  hi-  I'll  ri'rlll    trnlil   I  hi'  ."^nllt  h. 

\ii\\ .  i-nnrninini:'  w  I'-l  aLi'ain  I'miii  t  hi- 1 mini  -miii'  I  >\  n  t  hmi-aiiii  inilr-.  iiriiiL;- 
h-  tnlJra/il.  with  it  -  ti'i'v  ii  I  rliiii.il  r:  hiii  a-  1  If  w  ali'f-  nl  l  he  I'lpi.-rmrial  riirrciil . 
vvlii'ii    rrai  liiiiL;'    tlirrr.    iiavr    Intii    i-nniparat  i\  i-lv    hut    ,i    -linit    i  iinr  iliri  rt  ly 

Ullilvi'  t  III'  -nil.   I  III'  t  lli'linnnii'l  Cf  -linw  -   111,    -IH'll    inlrll-i'    iiral      a-    thai    nil     thr 

I'j-t  rna-l  nl'  .Mrii-a.  Tlii-  i'Miti'IiI  imw  iliviiliiiL'-  mi  ('.'i|ii'  >!.  I.'nijm'.  ilin 
lai'i^rr  pnriimi  llnw  -  int  n  i  lir  ( '.iriahcan  >i':i  .'inil  ( .  nil  nl'  .Mi\ii'n.  in  innn  \\\v 
I .  nil'  M  I'i'.'iiii:  w  liil-i  I  hr  nl  hi'i'  i-  ilrlli'iinl  -miili.  ami  L;i\  i'-  a  -n  iniiili  inilili'f 
iliniati'  In  I  hr  ra-t  rna-l  n|'  Smil  li  Aiiirrira  than  wr  tuniul  nn  I  ln'  w  I'-t .  I  hat 
i:illli'.  wliirli  run  Willi  nil  the  I'alklaiiil  l-laii'l-.  in  latiimlc  'iJ  i|i'::ri'i'-  -niitli. 
-iil'-i-i   hy  ur.'i/iiii;' all  1  Im  yrar  rniiml. 

I    \    l;i;l    S  I      \  !    1    \l'l      llnl.'N. 

^\'|•  iinw  i-niiii-  In  ('api'  llniii.  Ami  lii'ii'  aL:aiii.  I 'r.  IIa\r-.  prnliahl\ 
iiii-lriMi\  -  mil' nl'  I  hi' -I  amlai'i  I  al  l.'i-i'~.  Ii.i-  lalli'ii  ill!  n  ,  not  hi'i'  rrmr  in  -iip- 
pn-iiiL;'  llii-  I'lirnnl  In  ilmililr  rmrnl  I  hr  <  'a|"i'.  aial  rnriii  i  hr  !  Innilinlilt  i-nrrriii 
lir- 1  ri'l'i  rrnl  In  in  I  hi-  iliL;ri'--imi.  Inr  tin-  w  alir  ihi'i'inniiirii'r  irll-  a  ilitrrrnil 
-iiir\  :  .'Mill.  .1  -  .'111  ailililimial  prnni  i  h:ii  i  hr  ijiniilinlili  riirrrni  rmnr-  irmn  thr 
\  HI  ai'i'l  ir  ( irran.  i  lia\  r  ni\  -rll'  -riMi  an  irrhjii'M'  l,i'nni;hi  li\   1  111-  riirrnil   in  iMi 


ilr::ri'r-   -nlllll   lallimlr.    Wlllrll.    Ill   -l/.r.   S\  .1  • 


tar    I 


il'\  nlH  I    all\ 


l;a\ 


r    rvrr    -irli 


ili'-rrilinl    in    llir    iinrihrrn    -ra-:   .-iiiil.   mi  mir    m  ra-imi .  in  pa--iiiL;  I'l'mn   ill" 

\llaillii'    in    thr     IVii'ilir.     in     nllr    nl'lhr     lilir-t     l'li'.:alr-    ill    I  hr   |  la  \  V .   W  i '   W  I'l'i  ■ 

I  wi'iil  N'-niir  ila\  -  liral  iiiL:  aii'l  -I  riiLiLiliii::   auain-I    llii-   iiirrr'il    ami    thr    wiihl. 


1  icl'iirr    w  I 


Hill 


till'   ('.'llir:    ami    miannihri-    |    wa-    a    rniiinijhl  lirlnri'\M' 


ilimiuiil  il   -ali'  In  -ti'i'trh  awav   inin  thr  I'ai  itir.  ami  Imlli  linir-  r.m  .■!-    i.n-   a.. 

i;n  ilciirrr-   -nlll  II   lal  il  llilr.       Ill     I  hr   .ih-rnrr.    I  hrlrlnfi'.    ntliimr     pn-itivr    ilal.'l 

ilian    I     ha\r   lirrr    L;i\rii.     I  think  il    imi    Miii  ra-i  nialilr    In    lrriir\r    ihal     llii 

-.Iliir    phrnniiirllnll     nl'  rlll'ir  III  -     will     hr    limilil     In    i'\i-I     hrl'r.     llial     lia-    lirrli 

.|i'.<a  ihnl  a<  I  III    (  a{ I'  (  nmil  llnpr  :  ami  I  ha  I   \\  hil-i    i  hr  II  uiiilin|i|i  rnrrnii 


24 

('nliif  from  lllc  AtllMlcl  ic  (>('i';i:i.  ,il|i|  llnw  >  mirlll  llldllU'  the  Wt-I  ii>;i-l  nl' 
Soiilli  Aiiici-ii-;i.  tile  w.iriii  l)r;iiicli  of  llic  i'(|iiiilori;il  ciirri'iit  of  the  Allaiitir. 
\\  liicii  \\i'  li.'iNc  followed  (liiwii  tlircii-l  cna^t  iVoiii  I5i;i/.il.  i-oiil  iiMic<  its  coiif-c 
to  the  .-oiilliwiird  , '111(1  cM-iw.irii  into  ilic  Sniilli  I'ol.ii- Sr;i.  IJiiI.  w  licllii  r  I  lir 
lliirnholdl  nirriiit  i-  ;i  rc(iii-\.itioii  of  tlic  Aii-l  rnliiiii  SircMiii.  or  coiik-  from 
I  he  iiitcr-l'oliir  ( >ci'jin.  we  linvc  no  dntn  to  dclcriniiii'. 

'I'lic  s;imt'  ui'Iici'mI  sy^lcm  of  lurrcnl-.  i  iim  -;iti-lii'd.  will  lie  found  lo  t'\i>i 
in  the  Soiitlicrn  llcmi^iilicrc  lli.it  liii^  liccn  di-crilicd  in  llir  N'ortln'i'ii ; 
moijiticd,  ()f  conr^c.  to  c  )nforui  to  ilic  wi(|i|y  ilitfi'ri'nl  ;;('oi:r';i|(liiciil 
cliai'actcr  ot'  the  -onliicrii  cxlrcniily  of  the  mrlli  from  lliiil  ot'  llic  northern. 
hi  cro^-in;;' over  from  the  sunt li  -idc  of  An-tr;di,i  to  New  /I'ldand.  hjir.lanifs 
l{o-<  found  till'  Australian  Stream  to  he  ilir(<-  hundred  mile-;  in  width  at  that 
|i  lint,  with  a  hiu'h  temperal  lire,  a:id  -etiinii- -!  roii.uly  to  the  xnithward  and 
•  •a«tw ard.  \'e-.-eN  I >  Mind  from  Aii-t  ralia  io  (  aiie  llnrn.  nr  from  i he  (  ape  of 
(•ood  Hope  to  A  list  ralia.  keep  wellio  I  he  -out  liward.  ahoiit  the  parallel  of .')()  de- 
;,'ree-,  in  order  to  avail  Ihem-ehc-  otilie  ea-lwardly  eiirrent>  known  to  he 
t  here,  and  which.  I  have  no  (Imih;.  are  the  reeur\  at  ion-  (d  t  he  Aii-I  ralian  and 
(;ood  Hope  Stream- :  they,  like  the  ( iiilf  Stream  and  Kuro-'^iwo.  throwiii;^' 
only  -mall  portion-  of  their  xoluine  into  the  i'olar  Sea.  w  liiUl  I  he  larirer  ma-s 
reeurxc-i  and  fall- au'ain  into  the  ei|iiatoi'ial  e:ir;'eii!- on  i  he  oppo-ile -ide-  (d' 
111 •eniis  from  w  lieiici' ihe\- -prinu'. 


1  in:  (  1  iMAii;  oi    i  r  \ia  . 

(  M'  theoeeaiiie  e  la-t-  ot  the  iei;-;hern  hemi-pliere  1  lia\e  lieiore  -pokeii.  hiil 
not  of  tlio-e  iif  the  Meiliterranean.  and  to  which  !  will  now  call  your  atteii- 
ti(m.  Naple-.  in  Southern  Italy,  i-  in  tiie  -ame  latitude  a-  New  York  and 
(ieiioa.  and  .>rar-eille<  alt.Kit  tiie -air.e  parallel  a-  Toront  o— yet.  at  (ieiioa  I 
have  plucked  ripe  orange- from  the  tree  early  in  Fehruary.  and  Naples  ha- 
e\en  a  niucli  more  xcriial  I'limale.  'I'lii-  i-  attrihiited  to  the  warm  w  iiid-  from 
.\frica:  hut.  a-  ynii  will  oli-erxc.  t  lie-e  w  ind-  have  lo  ci-d--  i  he  Mediterranean 
at  its  widest  part,  a  di-tam-e  di'  m  uc  iliau  iliree  innidi-eil  mile-.  Now  .  if  the 
w  iiid- ha\(' -iich  inllneiice  a- t  iii-.  w  li\  -lioiild  no!  tho-e  from  the  |ierpeinal 
.-now  -  ot'  t  he  Alp- i:i\(' a  -e\  ere  (■limale  to  the  plain-  of  I'rance  and  itah'. 
which  lie  dircci  ly  a!  t  heir  feet  and  not  titty  mile-  from  t  hi-  -imw  '.-  Vci  these 
jilain-.  in  the  laliiii  If' of  Maine,  aie  verilaii;  wiih  a  pereiiuial  -iimmer.  The 
winds.  lherefjr<'.  are  n.j'  ijie  aL^.'in-ie-  i  ha!  proijuce  tlii<.  Iiiil  rather  the  warm 
water-  of  t  he  ( iiilf  Si  ream,  w  iiicli.  a-  a  -urfa-e  current,  ll.iw  -  cin-l  antl  v  iiilo 
the  .Mi'diierraiie.in  throii'ili  the  Sirait-  of  (.iliralier.  and  with  -udi  velocity 
loo,  tha'  when  the  wind  i-  from  the  we-twanl.  -ailiuL;' \  e--cl-  are  imalile. 
-ometiuie-  Inr  wei'k-  toi^ctlier.  to  pa--  oiii  into  ihi'  .\ilanlie.  J{ut.  even 
admit  that  t  he  w  ind- from  ,\fri<'a  are  the  ciu-e.   then  w  hence  d(]e- norlliern 

iich   an  e\ce--   dl'  heat . 


.\frica.  w  it  li  it  -.  lalilinle  of  ;!  I  decree-  uorl  h.   oliiaiii  - 


a-  to  he  ahle  I  o  I  lil'ow   oil'  enoi 


il:;i  acro- 


the   w  Imle   w  id!  h    ut'  the    Mediii 


nean  to  chaii,'.ie  -o  malei'ially  the  climate  of  -iich  .in  immen-e  rei;ion  a-  tlii-'r 
it  cannot  hi'  derived  direct  |\  |n,m  tin'  -iiii.  f.ir  I  >ii  <  haillii.  a-  helnre  -how  ii. 
f'lind  a  I'lw  cr  a \  e;-a',:c  ut  leuiperiU  ure  w  iihiii  one  deu'i-,.,.  i.f  i  he  Kipiatort  han 
i- enj.iye  liii  iial.v.  I'.ui.  ii  may  lie  -aid.  inirllieiai  \fiica  licin.u'  a  de-erl. 
\^ill   ace  eri     I  ir  ii-   heiiej- -o    much    hotter    than    the    rei^inn    \i-ited   hv   l»u 


'lo 


-I   (iT 
liitic. 
|iin--i' 
r  the 
I'l'iiin 


I'l'ii  : 
iic;il 

IIITII. 
lilies 

llial 
.'iikI 


(  liaillii.      'I"lii«,   III)  ilniiht,  I 


I.I-    it-    ctrri'l.     hut     iiiit   to   the   cxtcilt    lli'<'C-^:ir\' 


to  pfodiicc  -iidi  ii'-iilis:  tof  I  liavf  1 ii  in  \\\\-  di'scrt.  ainl  al-<>  in  the Jiiiijilc- 

of  < 'cvloii  ainl  India,  wlicrc  tlic  i-anl;  m'I'ow  tii  nl'  \('ii-cl.iliiui  \\;i* -n  dni-c  thai 
tiif  -Mil"-  iay<  iK'ViT  fcaclicd  tiic  soil,  yet  tiic  latter  were  hotter  than  the 
torn II 'f.  iteeanse.  as  hetore  show  n.  the  waters  of  the  Indian  Ocean  ai'e  hotter 
th.in  llioscof  the  Mediterranean.  The  latter.  ho\\e\i'r.  are  -utlieieiil  !> 
warni.  when  itathiiiu-  the  shores  of  Spain.  Franee  and  Italy,  to  ditVn-e  heal 
ciioiioh  to  i;i\e  them  the  delieioii-  tropica!  elimate-  they  eiijov  . 

i\  I  i;i;\A  iioN  \i,  iMi'Miir  A\<  I.  m    riii:  i  iiimius  . 

i'lirsiiiii^i- the-e  rellee!ioii-.  this  mailer  pre-eiil-  a  pha-e  ot  iiiirinalioii.il 
iniportfinee  •.\liieh.  were  it  noi  tor  the  iiilmni.inily  ot  po--e--ini;'  -neh  a 
power,  inijiht  plaee  the  w  hole  ot'  i^nroiie  a  I  the  mercy  of  t  hi-  cuiintry.  l''or. 
admit tinji'  that  Knroiie  derive-  it-  mild  climate  from  the  (iiilf  Stream,  w  lijch 
no  one  now.  iheliexe.  dispute-,  then  to  di\'erl  llii-  -treain  from  its  pre-eiil 
direction,  would  he  to  hriii;^;'  llic  whole  ot'  I'liirope  at  once,  -o  to  -peak,  to  ii~ 
tionual  climatic  condition:  th.il  i-.  Fraiici'  and  Aiisiria  would  have  ilie 
climate  ot  Canada:  and  Hn.L:land.  tiermany.  ;nid  NorlliPiai  Europe  would 
Itecome  a  frozen  wilderness,  such  a-  I4ritish  .\merica  and  Labrador.  To 
accomplish  this,  the  possession  of  the  I-lliinn<  of  Panama,  and  the  expendi- 
ture of  two  or  three  hundred  millions  of  dollars  in  the  e\ca\alioii  ot  a 
-iillicieiit  width  and  di'plli  of  ihe  rock  only,  that  intervenes  hetwcen  the 
Carrihcan  Sea  and  the  I'acitic.  and  the  opeuinji-  of  a  small  sluice  thiouuii  the 
soil,  to  alVord  a  he^iniiiiiii-  for  the  pas-ai:('  of  the  wat<'i'  from  ocean  to  ocean  — 
and  hnt  a  short  time  would  prohahly  elapse  Ix'fore  the  channel  would  he  lar^c 
eiiouii'li  to  t;a\t'  a  new  outlet  to  tile  ei|iiatorial  \»'alcr-  of  the  .Mian tic.  and  thus 
cut    )tr  that  f\ce-s  wliicli  now  ;i'oe~  to  make  the  (iulf  Sircam. 


«i:t ONI)  1.1:1  1  i:i;    lo  mk.  i>ai,>  . 


•_'0-_*n  ()i.i\  1;  Srin;i;T.  Si.  1, 01  is.  Oci.  !■_>.  isii.v. 

('/(lis.  /'.  Ihih/.   /■.'.-■/..   l'r<  s'rliiit   AiiiiiiiUiil    <  ri-n(irii  iiltifiil   mill  Sfntisl  irn  I  Sur'utii. 

Snr    )■-,/■/,■.• 

DkaiiSii;:  \'oiii' kind  favor  of  llie  x\\\  in-lani  i- received,  and  I  pray  you 
to  aci'cpt  my  <'ordial  acknow  lediicments  for  yoiii' courleoiis  atleiiiiou.  lam 
miicli  ^ratilied  to  le.irii  that  my  commiiiiic.ition  ha-  lucn  toinid  liy  you  worthy 
of  hciiiy-  siilmiitti'il  to  your  Socif'ty. 

1  shall  walcli  with  interc-i  t'(jr  accounts  of  the  can -e-  of  failure  in  1  lie  recent 
allempl  of  the  yacht  to  reach  the  Pole  hy  the  way  of  Spiizher^icii.  thoui^h  I 
expect  10  hear  that — like  Parry  and  oilier  explorers- — he  cndeavoii d  to  -leer 
ilirci-thi  Sortli  afier  n'cttin;;-  to  the  ea-tward  of  SpitzlierLicn.  insiead  of  kccpinii- 
on  to  the  mu'thward  and  rashi-nn/,  alon^'  the  path  of  the  (iiilf  Stream,  until 
U'cttinu'  fully  into  the  open  -ca.  Tin-  wa-  the  mistake  made  hy  Parry  in  IM'T. 
who  cro-<ed  the  warm  ciirrcnl  of  the  ( iiilf  Siri'am.  sctiinii'  sironyly  h)  the 
north-east  liefore  reachinu' Spil/Jieriicn :  and.  alter  .i;i'lliim'  to  the  norlliward 
of  these  i- la  lid-,  he  foim'iil  pcr-i-teiiily  a,uain-l  I  he  -oiiih-i'a-i  w;ii(ll>  -ct  of  ihc 
hyperhorcan  cnrrenl.  which  he  then  fell  in  with,  and  which,  if  followed. 
w<inld  have  carried  him  liack  into  the  (iiilf  Siream.  and  iieiiiap-  uivcn  him  a 


20 

iiiiK'li  hi'ttir  ilmiicf  ol  ;ir((iiii|ili-liiii^'  lii-  (ilijccl  with  \\\-  -liiii  ili.in  lie  rnmid 
ill  his  <lr(l;:;- l»t;it-:  for.  (HI  lii-  ri'iiini  !>>  Iii^  >liiip.  iiltcr  his  I'.-iiliirc  witli  iIh' 
lM>;its  .'iIkI  >1ci|i4('-.,  he  Inllinl.  Id  ]]]<  >UV\tv\-c.  llic  -CM  :lll  niicil  In  tile  linM  li\\  ;inl 
Mild  cu-lw.'ii'd.  Mini  MpiKiri'iii  l\  iiM'unliii;:'.  in  lii-  opinion— a-  I'Xprc— .cd  in  hi- 
iiarrati\c ---ai-it— .  lur  jii-  -hip  to  a-  iii,L:ii  a  lalididf  in  tiiat  dircciioii  a<  lii'  iiad 
n-achcd  in  his  hiliorioii-  Jonrncy  o\ci'  I  he  {<■'■. 

In  in\' lorincr  (•oniinuiiicatioii,  my  Jiypotln-i-  that  llii'  (iiill  Stream  and 
i\iiro-Si\vo  kci'p  patiiwav's  dpfii  at  ail  -ca-oii-  to  tiic  I'oic  sjiniild  |ii'i-liaps  he 
'pialitircl  w  it  h  an  rxccption  a-  to  the  early -iiinmrr.  wiirii  icclicri;s  ami  licid 
i'-f  arc  lioth  doiiht  Irs,  drixrii  liy  the  w  iiid-  and  ruiintcr  ciirri'iits  well  into,  if 
no!  acro-s.  I  hc-i' >i  ii'iim-.  as  I  hry  arc  into  ilir  ( iiill' Stnam  in  I  he  North  At- 
laiitif.  and  intcrrnptiiiu'.  in  llii-  way.  a  Iitc  pa--a;:i'  tor  the  lime  hciiii^'.  hiil 
which  never  form  a  permanent  oi'  -nlid  ice  harrii'r  aero>s  ihe-c  -ircam-.  <)ii 
that  aecoiiiit.  it  may  lie  that  the  -ii miner  i-  not  the  he- 1  season  for  niakin.L;'  the 
attempt  to  rca'-li  the  open  -ea :  Iml  that  the  early  spiiiiLi'.  hefore  the  ice  is  d,.- 
iaclii'(|  t'rom  it-  w  inter  la-lcninu'-.  i-  tlic  time  ln-l  ealciilatcil  fir  -iiece--.  'j'hai 
I  here  i-  an  open  -ea.  with  a  lemper.atnrc  pe''inanciiil\'  aiio\-e  the  free/.iiiL;'  iioim. 
-iirroimdinu'  the  North  I'oh'  laiid  the  Sniih  i'ole.  too.  for  that  matter!.  I  have 
no  ilollht  . 

It'  1  hi-  is  the  oa-c.  to  reach  i  lie  Tnlc.  then,  it  mii-t  he  done  in  ship-:  and  the 
only  a  \  en  lie-  hy  w  jiicli  t  lic\  i-iii  enter  this  I'olar  Sea  is  liy  tollow  in;:-  t  he  ( iiilf 
Stream  or  Koro-Siwn  in  their  iiorili-ea-i  wardly  courses  lo  i hat  .sea .  'I'lie-c 
alVord  the  only  acci'--ililc  i-haniicl-  or  ;:alc\\ays  ihron^h  the  ice  >iirroiMidin,i:' 
iliis-c;i:  iiiid  to  ijiid  and  to  follow  thc<e  the  \vater  1  hermomcter  is  t lie  only 
U'uide.  Nor  mn-l  the  -ui  f.ice  tempi  rai  iirc  lie  w  holly  relied  upon  :  for  ( 'ajitaiii 
Kodu'crs — whom  I  have  liet'orc  -poken  oi — mentioned  to  me  the  remarkahle 
fact  thai  iiortli-ca>t  of  I'.chriii;^-  si  rail-  he  found  the  water  lyiiii:-  in  layer-  of 
tcmperatnri':  lir-l  a  cool,  ihcn  a  warm,  and  heiicath  that  a  cold  si  r;niim  of 
water. 

f'oratimcl  wa- ai  a  lo~- lo  ;iccoiini  for  tin-:  luit.  upon  -Mli-c(|iicnl  reilec- 
lioii.  it  occurred  to  me  i  hat  llii-  w  a-  a  n.aiiiral  arraii:;eiiienl  of  \  ;ner-  of  dilVcr- 
eiil  -pccilic  li'rax  itii'- :  t  hai  ot  I  he  low  c-i  ieni|)crat  iirc.  Iiein;^- 1  he  deii-e-t.  clinti- 
iii  the  hoiioiii :  tile  warnie-i  water.  I'roiii  the  -all  it  contain-.  hcinL;' next  in 
wci;;hi.  o\'ci-|ie-  the  lir-l:  ami  then  tln'  io(j!.  ire-li  w  ater.  formed  hy  t  he  di  — 
-ohilion  of  the  ii'c.  lloa;s  mi  the  -nrl'acc.  and  i-  carried  w  iili  :iiid  lioconie<  a 
part  of  the  ciirreiii  imiiiedi;iic|y  iindcrlyinL:'  ii. 

'I'lii-  arrani:'eiiiciii  -eeiiis.  too.  lo  he  a  wi-e  prosi-ion  of  naiiirc  hy  whii'h 
the  warm  ciirrcnl  is  in-nlalc(l.  a- it  were,  to  pre\eiii  loo  i^ii  at  a  lo--  of  ji- 
lemperalnre  w  hil-i  pa--iiiL;'  the  region  of  ice:  h;il  w  hii'li.  aflcr  rcacliiiiL;' the 
open  -ea.  and.  haviiiL;-  hy  that  lime  warmed  ihc  waler  aliovc  il.  -pread-  oiil. 
whilst  at  res)  for  a  lime  alioiit  the  I'ole.  ami  throw-  oil',  hy  the  aimo-phcre. 
much  of  it-  w  arm  ill  he  lore  -larliiii;"  on  it-  reinrn  cour-i>  i  o  i  he  Sunt  1 1  ai:ain. 

Soil  will  he  -cell  ilial  a  >nhiiiariiic  teiii|ieraliire.  hy  the  ii-c  of  Six"s  ther- 
mometer, -hoiilil  he  lakcii.  a-  well  a-  the  -nrl'acc  tcinpi'ralnrc.  w  lieiie\er  the 
tiller  i-  not  ;ilio\('  thai  oi  ihe  aimo-phcrc. 

\N  ilh  renewed   lliaiik-   for  your  V Iiic--.  I  remain.  \er\   rc-pcet  liilK  .  yoiir 

ohediciil  -er\  aiil . 


sll..\S    IJIAT 


IIKl 


foM\IlM>     ON      nil.     I    \i    I- 


lllil 


l\l- 

|IUI 
Ml 


11,'H 
jlll. 


Mil' 


'I'lli'  y;ir||l   rrtrn-c(|  in  ill  Ili('~c  letter-  lH'iiNCil  In  lie  tile  ••  ( .cniiairKI."  i>\'   llrr- 

Mii'ii :  and.  a<  I  a|i|ii'cliciiilci|.  -lie  ■li.i/  try  to  ;;'('  dircclly  iiniM  li  IVoiii  Spit/hii'^^oi : 
and.  wlirii  »lic  (ni'iPiiiili'i'CMl  tlic  ice.  iii-lcad  nC  inllowiiiL:'  il>  iiTiid  In  ilir  ca-i- 


ird.  -lie  I'cllowrd  it    In    t| 


-l\\ard:   and   liiiallv.   frniii   laliliidc  so  (Ii'l;-.  :,(» 


iniii.  imrih.  in  Inii'^itiidc  li  ilr;^:.  :'>'>  niin.  ca-l.  -lie  Iniiiid  licr-cir  licatcn  hack  In 
latiliidr  7;>  di'i;'.  -'.'>  iniii.  iiniM  li.  InnLiiindr  17  (Icl;'.  :'■•'  niiii.  wc-t .  hcl'nrc  -lie  Lint 
»i:^'lil  nC  I  lie  (irci'iilaiid  cna-' :  I  lii'ii.  t  nrniiiL;'  In  the  unrili-ca-i  aL:aiii.  -lie  \\a- 
iiiaMcd  In   i-rai-li   ilic   latitude  nf  >1   de^'.  (i'.  mill,  imrili.  in  Innuiliide  Hi  dei;. 


1-1  .  nil   the  ]  nil  of  Selileiiliier 


- 1 1  n  W 


inu'  llial   till'   I'arllier  -he  n 


•eiled    (Vnlll 


llie    palll    nt'  the    (illir  Stream,    the  ninre  the  iei'  \\a-  I'mind   In  eiiernaeh  In  till 

-niilliwanl :   w  hiNl  the  nearei'  -he  apiirnai-hed  thai  palh.  I  he  farllier  iKrri  h  -Ik 


\\a<  cnaliled  In  Mel  .       l>lllh\    llii-    lime    tl 


i-nii  w  a-  Inn  far  -|ient  In  admit 


nt'  a   l(»n,i:'er  prn-eeniimi  n|'  lliT  \nya.::'e.  and    -he  wa-  nhliucil  in  relinn.  Ir, tiled 

in  her  eiilerpri-e.  'I'hi-  la-t  let  ler  n|'  mine  in  Mr.  I  )al\'  ha-  imt  heen  aii-w  cred  : 
lull,  nil  \n\ellll)er  1  L'l  ll  la-1.  llie  (list  iimlli-lleil  e\plnre|-.  I  ir.  l-aae  .1.  Ilaye-. 
a  men  I  her  nl'  the   (  ieni^Taphieal   .SneietV.  del  i\  (Ted  an  addl  e--  hel'nre  that    lin(|\- 


>n  the  ••  rrnLiTc--  nl'  Al'elie  i  )'[< 


en\cr\  , 


in  w  lii'li  he  alliideil  in  m\'  eiiiiininn 


alinii-:  and.  althniiu'li   he   adiiiil-  ihal  ll 


e  eurrelll-  -el   In  I  llC  linrlliea-t    Ifnin 


r.ehi'int;'-  Slra.il-.  and   thrniiuh  iIm'  -ca  lyinii'  hetween   the  Spit/.heru'cn  and 


N 


nr\\a\'.    \('t     he    -av-   the    lee    1-    ein-elv  nilpa 


•te(l  ill  linl  ll  nl'  llie-e    direetinll 


lint  npnii  w  hat  anrhnrity  I  am  iinahle  In  di-enver.  I  am  ineliiMMl  to  lielie\c 
I  hat  my  letter-  were  referred  to  him  hy  l  he  ■*re-ii|ent  nt'  the  >>neiety.  and  t  hat 
he  ha-  t'aile(|  In  ,-ee  ihe  pnilll  nl'  '/\<\  nl'lliy  I  henry  :  for.  ill  -peakili.L;'  nt'  t  he 
(iiiir  Str»'am  mule,  he  -aid  :  ••  I'.ut  the  di<a-trniis  vnya^c  nt'  Willniiiilihy  eaii-ed 
the  l'ai,u'li-h  In  .ahandnii  the  etl'nrl  In  ipeiH'l  rate  ill  that  i|iiart('r:  and  1  he  Dii  I  eh. 
win)  -iieeeedeil  thcni.  ill  the  nulla i)p,\'  li.ireiit/.  and  the  de-iruet inn  nf  hi-  -hip, 
In-l  the  hriu'hl  Impe-with  wliidi  they  had  a  — niiieil  the  underlaKiiiu'.""  'I'll" 
hi-lnfy  nl'  tlie-e  xnyau'e-.  Iinw cx cr.  -Iinw-  ilial  lliey  were  hnth  Undertaken  in 

I  he    intere-t    nl'  ennillleree.    In    (li-en\'er   a    linrlll-ea-I     pa--,li:('    I'l'nlll    I'llirnpein 

<  'hiiia — I  hat  nl'  >\illnnuli'>y  in  l.'iri:!.  and  thai  nf  I'.a  rent/  in  I  Til  id:  and  that  their 
mi--inn  wa-  //-'  inward  the  I'nlc  l'urili"r  than  the  enufnrmai  inn  nf  llie  imrlli 
line  nf  the  eoniiiieiit  iiiiuhf  neee--arily  e,irr>'  llieiii :  and.  a-  tliev  kiieu'  not  hit  ii;- 


if    the    (Hilf   Sir 


eani.    I 


l<     ilireeli 


illlhlellee.    llie\'    cluilli-    In    llie    ena-1. 


naturally  -upi)n-iiiu'  tlia'  the  fart  lie!'  -niit  h  they  kept.  I  he  milder  would  li(>  the 
elimale.     'I'lli-   led    them   dnwn    iu;n   the  liiu'ht    helweeii    l.apland   and    \n\a 

/.ellllila.  and   elllil'el>    nlll    nf    tile    L;ellial     illllllelH'e    nf   the    (.lllf  Slre.aill,    where 

I  heir  -hip-  were  re-peeti\  ely  I'rn/.eii  in.  a  i  a  I  w  hei'e  i  hey  and  nin-l  nt'  i  heir  la'ew  - 


•ralil 


\'  liell-lleil 


'I'lli-.  hnwcver.  can   hardh'   he  called   an   alteiiipl    In   'i</''er  i  he  |i:ii  h  nf  iIk 
( iiilf  Stream. 


ixK.M  \-    ni     hi;.    \i.\\  I. 


The    hnclnr    lliell    di-pn-e-    nf   I  he    i  Jell  fill,!:'"-    Strait-    rnllteexell    limre  -lllll- 

iiiarily  and  le--  -aii-l'aclnril\  .  in  my  mind,  llian  he  dne-  nt'  Ihal  nf  i  he  (iiilf 
SI  ream  :  and.  in  ad \  nc; i cy  nl  i  he  mute  hy  Smith"-  Sniind,  w  liidi  he  ha-  piir- 
-lled  nil  hi-  fnrnier  e\[iedilinll-.  and  hy  W  lliell  he  reaeheil  the  npell  I'niar  Sea. 
■|i-  true,  lull   niilv  h\    ira\eliiiL;'  n\er  llie   ice  -nine  liniidre(|  and   tll'ly  mile- 


2s 


l)c\  iiimI  w  licir  lii-  \  (■->(■  I  w  ;i~  rro/cii  ill  — 111'  >,i\  -  :  ••  And  iinw  Irt  iiic  ;i->i'rt  mu' 
iiiniv  ilo^iiii.i  ,'1- i).iil  of  the  ^('iicr.il  |)ro|pn-iliuii  :  A  ^iicci's-liil  |irt>M'(iili(ui  of 
llii-  rx|ilur:itii)ii  mii<l  he  in  tin-  dii'd'tioii  nuMinsl  tlir  (•iirrcnl,  iuid  towiirijs  the 
I  mint  w  line  I  lie  111  M'li  w  liter  ni;il\t'-  t'l'mn  tlic  nortliw  ai'd :  \\  Iicit  tlir  land  ;xi\<'- 
\  (III  iinidinj;'  ,yi(iini<i  ;  w  licrc  I  lie  \i-r  diil't  -  p.i-t  ynii  :  w  licrc  liopc  lic»  :dic;id  : 
wliirr  till'  I'lii'Miy  >i'l>.  lint  willi  Mill  iin  ymir  f;iil\.  Init  Ix-liiiid  ymi  :  wliri'c  ;i 
lii'id  III'  ire  mu'c  passed  is  i-id  nf." 

'I'lir  I  )iM  tor  ~lii)\\  -  liiiii>i'ir  a  ~,'iiiL;'nini'  man.  w  lien  he  eaii  draw  >iieli  a  linpe- 
Inl  pii-liire.  and  lay  dnwii  >iieli  an  enipliatie  dou'ina.  in  the  I'aee  ul'  the  thnii  — 
anils  (if  li\i'<,  the  niiliion-   upon  niillioiis  ot' nmnev .  and  the  tlifee  liiiiidred 


\  ear- of  linie.  lliat  lia\e  lieen  spcni  in  friiille-<  atteiii 


)l-  to  ipi'iietrale  the  ii 


licit  iniiiiii.st  t  lie  elirielll.  as  he  here  lirolio-e-.        |{llt    I   Ihilliv  the  pro-peet  i>  not 
M'l'V  elieolirauinii'  jiif  -peedv  slleee-^  in  liial   dil'ei-lioli. 


E\n:i;iKM  i:   wh    mi'iiriii>i- 


l»i-.  Have-"  I'Npeiieini  ill  iii-  uaHaiii  e\pioi'alion>.  Iiowcxer,  i-  ile-ei\in;: 
ot  e\ery  .•oii-ideratioii :  and  this  I  nio-t  eiicerfiilly  accord  him.  I  ha\e  none  to 
oirer  in  «nppo!'i  of  my  theory  i  for.  altlionuli  I  liave  heeii  to  the  rciiion- of  ice- 
liei'i;-.  both  N'oith  and  Soiuh.  yet  I  have  never  lieeii  eiiu'aji'cil  in  any  I'olarev- 
pjoration-.  .My  view  -  are  piirei\  iiypoilieiic;ii.  lint  are  based  iipor  the  opera- 
tion of  certain  jihy-ieal  law-,  the  ol)-ci'\ation  and  -tiidy  ot'  which  tor  near 
thii'ty  year-  have  lai!;:lit  iiie  lo  read  a-  1  lia\e  now  set  them  before  yon. 
W'hetlier  tliey  are  I'ii^lit  111'  noi.  will  be  deterniiiied  when,  in  the  provi<l('iie(,'  of 
ilini  who  framed  ilio»e  law-,  it  beinnie-  Hi-  will  that  this  orcat  yeooraiihieal 
prolilem  -hall  at  la-t  lie  -o|\ii|.  ^ 

And  now.  in  concln-ion.  lo  -nm  up  ilie  point-  ol  my  arunmcnt.  i^'io 
-liinv  their  beariiii;'  upon    in\    tlicorv  :     1  mii-l  lieu'  l'>  remind  son  ot'  ti 


le  com- 


pari-on  made  between  the  circiilalioii  of  the  lilood  of  the  animal  -ystein.  and 
1  hat  ot'tlie  water-  of  the  occins — how  inii  that  the  one  i<  i^-overiied  by  laws  a- 
immnlablc  and  iiinaryini.;' a-  I  lial  of  1  he  o!  her  :  the  niaiked  resemblanee  be- 
I  ween  the  (iiilf  Stream  and  the  Kiiro-Siwo — the-e  two  ^-real  arler 
I  wo  lii'eat  ocean-  of  the  world,  the  .Vt  Ian  lie  and  I'acilic  :  that  tl 


e-  ot    t  he 


le  l^l'ealer  |lO| 


lion  of  both  tlic-e  -1  reams  rcciir\c-  on  the  op])o-iie  -ide-  ot'  the  oceans  to  those 
from  \\liicli  lliey  start,  but  tlial  laruc  iiortions  ol'  lioih  of  lliciii  continue  their 
coiir-e-  to  the  iiufUi-idsf.  into  the  Arctic  ( >eean :  that  thi<  norih-ea-t  course  is 
due  to  a  iiliy-ical  law .  \\hicli,  continiiin;:'  to  operate  upon  these  -tream-  after 


li'ettiiiu'  beviind  the  land  of  the  continem-.  keeii-  them  on  tlii- 


ini'sc  nntil.  b 


the  Jimction  ot'  their  water-  about  the  Pole,  their  iiiotion  is  |o^i  •.   t  hat  tlic\-  I'e- 
liise.  t't'om  want  ot'  allinity.  to  miiiiile  with  the  se;i  water  Ihronuh  wiiich  lhc\- 

icn  comiiiii'  in  coniaci 


I' 


that  tliev  i:i\e  out  and  dill'ii-e  their  lii'.-il  fi'cel\-  wl 


witli  tlie  land.  Imt  retain  it  in  a  woiidcrt'nl  inanner  so  loii;^'  a-  troiinlicd  or 
bedded  in  t lie  oceans  :  that  llii-  heatiiii:'  power  i-  so  ^reat.  that,  if  coiicen- 
I  rated  t'rom  either  -tream.  it  \\onld  be  capable  of  melt  ine'  and  keepin;.;'  in  tlow 
a  rixcr  of  iron  cipial  in  \oliiine  to  tliat  of  tiie  Mis-is-ippi.  mid  t  hat  tliev  do  ac- 
tually chanii-e  the  climate  of  ncirly  onc-ipiaiter  of  the  ^lobe  :  that,  w  liil.-t  it  i- 
iiotorioii-ly  admitted  by  e\ery  i;i'OL;'r,'i|ihei'  land  is  -o  repre-ented  on  all  maps) 
llial  these  sti'eani-  arc  perfeelly  dctined  to  the  \ery  thrcslidlil  nf  the  ice  birdie 


that  siirr.miiils  tlic  I'uhirScM:  liwil  Ili«y  ;i-^;iiill  tlial  x"""""'' in  •''<■  <il>li<|Hc  ilin-c- 
tioii  ol"tlifii'cniirsc>  to  {he  ih.rf/i-iusf  ,■  that  they  have  liccii  ciitii-fly  tlclincatcd. 
and  arc  ca-iily  traced,  liy  llic  walcr  tlicrinninctcr  :  and  yet.  incredible  as  it  may 
appeal',  it  is  ncvci'tlicle--  tlic  fact,  lliat  I  lia\c  not  tonnd  a  sin.uic  instance  on 
record  in  wiiicli  any  explorer  lia^  e\er  allcniplcd   ^.  /im-r  miil    I'lilluir  l/irs(' 

s/l'railis  tlirO'iilli    tlml   irr  .' 

Now.  I  repeat  luy  liciiel.  tlial  liie  N'ortli  I'ole  lia>  alreail,\'  been  rcaciied-— 
tlial  it  was  done  in  tiie  >eventeenlli  cenlnry.  li\  tlic  l>ntcii  wlialcrs  lietbre  vpn- 
i\cn  of.  and  tliat  I licy  I'carlicd  there  l)y  Itasinu'  uiicon>ciou^l\  roijoweij  t lie  )ialii 
ol'tlie  (inif  Sii'cani:  and  I  llierelorc  ri'ilerale  tin-  ei)n\ictions  expressed  in 
my  connnnnication-  to  tlic  I'rcsiiient  of  tlie  ( ieo^ii-npliical  Society:  '•  Tliat 
till'  <liilt  SfiriniL  mill  Kiirn-Si 
till-  J'li/c.  irirli    Ifs   Ir 


iini  are  tin'  pniiu'  iin'i  minj  i-(tu 


I  inih. 


i:iii nrrdtiti'i'  ,"-■'/   iiin 


•  t  llir  iipni  .SCI/  Ill/out 
■li  iihurr  rliiif  iliii'  fo  ilic  Idt'ititilr  : — lluif  //c 
iiiihl  priH't'ii-iihlf  iirniihri  till  irh'irli  sliips  ran  rriirli  that  sen.  iitul  tliriirr  t"  tin'  1\>I'  . 
IS  till  t'li/lniri III/  till'  iriii'iii  ii-iiti'/'S  lit  ilii'sr  sf /■mills  iiifu  tluil  si'n — tluit  to  liinl  niitl  int- 
t.,,r  tliisr  sti 
III 


tin'    iritt,','  til 


/■  i/i'/'iiiniiirrrr  i; 


the  'ii'lil  i/iiiili  .  null    tlnit     !,,/'  tli, 


II    null    iii'lll    III'    fils'lil    ti  I'llii 


III  ll 


^/  ••  Tni;  Tni  i;m(>\m  I  nil  ( i  \  1 1 w  \^  ^  m  i  ni;  I'oi  i: 


MR.  BENT'S  LECTURE. 


H'niiii  the  Driiiiicnit  <il  .  ii'>  .'J    iHii'.t 

M('?-c;iiitilf  LiltiMpy  ll;ill  Wiis  (^iiitc  will  lillcd  l.isi  ••vt'iiiiii,'' •>>■  ii  vi-ry  «<'li'ct 
;iii(liciicc,  \v]i()  listened  toe  iiKirc  tliiii)  two  liuiir-  In  Captjiiii  Siliis  Hciit's 
l-ccliin' on  llicOpfii  Polar  Sea.  wliidi  \va- rc|)l(,'!i' with  inHM'i-sI .  and  llhistnitfil 
by  ::'i;:anlic  diagrams.  So  dear,  so  ronclu>ivf.  and  -osc'k  niitlc  an  analy-is  of 
llic  tlicianonirtrical  inlhu-nrc  ot  ilir  ^.n'cat  occaiiic  iMirrci.is  ha-,  pcrliaps. 
ncvci-  been  uivcn.  as  t.lial  oircrcd  hy  onr  distinirni-iifd  (rliow-cilizt'ii:  and 
tlicii- ctrcct   npon  I'liniaU's.  and  tlic  polar  rcj^ion    wa.-  shown  so  dearly  tjiat 

<'vciy  on nld  i-onipiciicnd.     WC  ^iavc  a  synopsis  of  the  main  points  of  the 

paper,  wlien  it  wa-  lir-i  read  hcfore  tin-  lii-torical  Soeieiy.  a  fow  weeks  since, 
and  il  ha- so  i)ennanenl  a  value  and  so  popnlar  an  adaptation  that  we  shall 
ivjiorl  it  in  full  in  onf  Sunday  inoniinji's  pajier.  I"urlher  notice  now  is 
tliefefol-i-   Uinieee-.-arv, 


THE  LECTURE. 

From  tlic  U(^)iiil)li('im  (il'.Iiiiuuirv  -'J.  l-i!i. 

A  larufe  and  inii'llin'i'iit  audien<-e  assenihleil  in  the  Meiiantiie  Librar}'  Hall 
last  eveniu^r-  to  hear  the  lecture  of  Mr.  Silas  Uent  on  ••Itouies  to  the  North 
Pole."  It  formed  a  most  interestin.ir  einertainmeiit .  'i'lie  delivery  of  >rr. 
Bent  is  animated  and  iiin'estrained.  and  his  eiiundation  reinarkahly  distinct. 
By  tlie  aid  of  a  2'1<>''C  and  varion-^  <'Xtensi\e  maps,  the  leetniei-  illustrated  his 
siil)jeel  in  a  (.'lea r  and  simple  niannei-.  and  aeeonnnodated  it  to  the  com|)i'e1i<Mi- 
sion  of  all  the  speeialors.  The  Xorlli  I'ole  is  in\ested  with  an  exeit in^' anil, 
we  mi<;"hl  say.  a  romantic  intere-i.and  Mr.  Bent'-  leeiure  i-  full  of  important 
facts  r'especlin^'  the  mysteries  of  tlie  reiiion  of  ice.  alionnds  in  passages  of 
<>;raphic  description,  and  presents  a  full  hi-lory  of  the  many  attempts  to  solve 
tlurproblem  ot' the  N'orthwest  pa-sau'c  to  India.  The  lecture  is  somewhat 
^       lengthy,  hut  the  attention  of  tlie  audience  ^^as  kept  Ihor.iii^-hly  alive. 


CAPTAIN  BENT'S  LECTURE. 


I'r    111  lilc    Disiiali-ll  'it  .J;ili'.l;;l>    ^\1.   I-I)!' 


A  lar,ne  and  inlellio-ent  iiiidieiiee  nn't  at  the  Mercantile  Library  Hall  la.st 
e\enin;j'.  to  hear  Captain  Sila.-  Bent's  learned  and  inicrestinu'  lectin-e  on  the 
( »pen  Polar  Sea.  ■rheieciiu'c  was  as  learned,  clear  ami  iiisirucii\t' a  ili.-conrse 
as  was  ever  deli  ver'cd  in  llie  Hall.  Uy  the  aid  of  astronomical  and  itliilosophie 
apparatus,  the  -peaker  <,,  elearly  demonstrated  hi.-  meaniuL;'  a-  to  be  we'll 
iniderstood  by  all  (ire-enl.  Some  of  tlie  de.-eription-  were  v«ry  .^rapliic,  par- 
ti(Milarly  when  Ireatini.''  of  the  edelirated  (Jiilf  Stream,  and  of  tlie  Kuro-S'nv 
or  the  Black  Sea  of  the  .lapauesc.  The  lecture  lasted  for  aliont  two  boiu's. 
hill  was  of  so  interestin;4' a  diaracterand  so  well  ddivereil  that  the  iitliiition 
of  the  audience  was  sustained  until  the  dose. 


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